????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????,????? (air pollutants) ????????? (gaseous pollutants)???????? (particulate matters)????,????????????????? (CO)?????(SOx)?????(NOx)??

1
? ? ? ?????
9-1 ???? 9-2 ?? 9-3 ????? 9-4 ??? 9-5
?????????
2
9-1 ????
????
??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
??????,???????????????????????,???????????????????
??,?????????????????????
3
9-1 ????
??????
? ? ? ? ??? ?????
MeuseVally??? 1930?12?15? SO2(9.638.4 ppm) ??63???,????????????????????,?????????????
Donora???? 1948?10?2631? SO2,????(0.52 ppm) ??20???,????????????????????,?????????????
Poza Rica??? 1950?11?24? H2S ??22???,320??????,?????????????
? ? 1952?12?59? SO2 ???? ??4000????
? ? 1966?11?2430? SO2 ???? ??168????
4
9-1 ????
?????
????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????
????????????,????? (air pollutants) ?????????
(gaseous pollutants)???????? (particulate
matters)????,????????????????? (CO)?????(SOx)?????
(NOx)??
5
9-1 ????
????
???????????????????,??????,???????????????????????
????????????????????,????????????????????????,????
??????????????????????????? ???????????????????,??
??????????CO?????????????????????????,????????????
?????????????????????????????????????200?250???,??
?,?????????????????????????????????
6
????????????
CO??????? ? ?
9 ppm,8???? ???????
50 ppm,6??? ??????????????
50 ppm,50???? ????????????? (brightness threshold)?
50 ppm,812???? ( ???? ) ?????? (psychomotor) ????
7
???????? (COHb) ??????????
COHb?? () ? ?
lt1.0 ???????
1.02.0 ???????
2.05.0 ????????,????????????????????????????
gt5.0 ?????????
10.080.0 ?????????????????????????,?????
8
9-1 ????
????
??????????SO2?SO3??,??????????????????,??????? (
????? ) ???,?????????????????????????,????????????
??? ???????????????????,????????????????,?0.5ppm
????????????????,????4???,???????????????????????,
?????????????????????,?????,??????????? (acid
rain)???????
9
9-1 ????
????????????
????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????,?????????,????????
??????????
10
9-1 ????
????
NO?NO2?????????(NOx)????????????????,?????????????
? ( ???? ) ?????? ( ????????????
)?????????????CO?SOx??????????????,????NOx????????
?????????????????????????,NOx?????????????
????????????NOx,NO??9095,????????????NO2?????,?
???????????,????? (thermal)?????
(prompt)????????? (fuel )? ?
11
9-1 ????
????????????
??????????,????????????,??????????????????????????
??????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????
??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
???????????????,????????,????????????,????????????
?????????,????????,???????????,?????????????,?????
????????????,????????????????
12
9-1 ????
????????????
13
9-1 ????
?????
????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????
????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????
?????,????????????????????????,???????
(synergistic effects)???????????????????,?????????
?????,???????????????????????,????????????????,???
????????????,??????????,????????????
14
9-1 ????
???????????????
15
9-1 ????
?????? (Pollutant Standard Index, PSI)
?????????????,?????????? 0 ? 500
????????????????????????????????????
(PM10)??????? ( ??? ) ??????
? ? PSI?? ? ?
1 0-50 ?? (good)
2 51-100 ?? (moderate)
3 101-200 ?? (unhealthful)
4 201-300 ??? (very unhealthful)
5 301-500 ?? (hazardous)
16
9-1 ????
?????? (Air Quality Index, AQI)
??PM2.5 ???? 8 ??????????
AQI ???? ?????? ? ?
0-50 ? ? ? ?
51-100 ? ? ? ?
101-150 ??????? ? ?
151-200 ? ? ? ?
201-300 ???? ? ?
301-500 ? ? ? ?
17
9-2 ??
? ?
????,???????????,????????????????????????????????
?????? (dry deposition)?,??????????????????????
(wet deposition)?,??????????? ????????,?????????
??,?????????????pH??5.6??,??????????????????,?????
??pH???5.6???????????,????pH??5.0???,???????
18
9-2 ??
????????????
????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?
???????????,??????????????????????????,???????? (
???? ) ??????? ( ??????? ) ??????????,??????????
19
9-2 ??
???????????,???????????????,??????????????????????
??????????5????1000?????????????????????
(acidification)?,??????????????????,??????????????
???????????? ???????,?pH???,????????????????,?????
?????????????????????????????,?????????????????,??
??????????????????pH???5?,??????,?pH???4.5?,??????
?,??????????,?????????????????
20
9-2 ??
??????????????,???????????????,???????????? ??????
???????????,??????????????????????????????????????
????????,?????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ???????????????????????????? (
??????? ) ??????????? ????,???????????????????????
???????
21
9-2 ??
???????,????????????????????????,?????????????????
??????????????,??????????????????????,????????????
????,????????? ????? (synergistic
effect)?????????????????,?????????????????,??????1
1gt2?????????????,???????????????????????????????,
?????????????????????
22
9-3 ?????
???
????20?35?????????????????????????????,???????????
????????,????????????????????????,????????,???????
?????????,?????????????????????????? ??????????,?
???????????????????????,??????????????,???????????
????????
23
9-3 ?????
?????
???????????????1985??????????????????1977?1984????
??? (Halley Bay) ?????,??????????????????40
??,?????????????????????????,???????????,??????12
24????????,??????????? 1985???,???????????,???2???
??????1989?1991??,???3??????????????,?????????????
,?1982?1991?10?????????????10?,?????2?,???????????
????4.3?????1990???,?????????????????1992?,???????
????????2,300?????,?????????1.5??
24
9-3 ?????
??????
?????????????? (CFCs) ????????????????? (F)??
(Cl)?? (C) ????????,???????????,???????,??????????
??????,???????????????????????????????????????????
??,??PU?PS?PE??????
25
9-3 ?????
CFCs???
CFCs???????,???????,????????,???????????????CFCs??
????,?????????????2,000??,????????????CFCs????,???
??40150?,?????????????CFCs???????,???????????????
??,????????????,?????????????????????,????????CFCs
????,??????????????????????? CFCs????????????????,
?????????????????,?CFCs???1????,????????,?????10??
???????
26
9-3 ?????
????????
???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
???,??????,??????,???????????????????????DNA??????
?,???????????????????? ???????????,?????????,?????
,????????????,????????????????????????,???????,???
?????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????
?????????????,????????????????????
27
9-3 ?????
??????
???????????????????????(ozone-depleting
substances, ODSs)????????????,????????????????,???
?????(UNEP) ??1985???????????,??????????????
(Vienna Convention)?,??????????? ??,?1987?9?,?27??
??????????????????????? (Montreal
protocol)????????????????1990??,CFCs????????1986??
???50???,???????????????,?????????????,??????????
????
28
9-4 ???
???
??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
( ???? ) ???????????????????,??????????????,?????
??????????,?????????????? ????????????????????????
????????????????????????,??????????
29
9-4 ???
???????
?????????????????????????,????????????,??????????
???????????????,???10?????????????????????????????
??????????,?????????????????,??????16????35??,????
???????10mg/L??7mg/L???????????????????????,??????
??????????,??????????????,????????????
30
9-4 ???
?????
?????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????
????,????????????,????????????,???????????????????
?????????,????????????? ( ???? )
???????????,???????????,??????????????????????????
,?????????????,??????????????????????,????????????
??? ????,????????????????????,??????????
31
9-4 ???
?????
32
9-4 ???
??????????????
33
9-4 ???
????
???????????????,????????????,??????????????
34
9-4 ???
????
??????????,??????????????????????????,???????????
????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
???????????,?????????? (heat island)?
? ??????,???????????,?????????????????????????????

35
9-4 ???
???????
36
9-4 ???
????
????,????????????????,????????????????,??????????
?????????,??????????? ??????,??????????????,??????
?????,????????????????????????????? ??????,??1960?
????????????3 mm,2005????5.3 mm,???80
???,???????????? ????????,????????????????????????
????????????????????????????
37
9-5 ?????????
?????????
???????????????? (IPCC)??2001?1???????,???????????
?????????,???????????????????????2???????????,???2
001??????????????? ?????????????,????????????? 1
.????????????????????? 2.?????????????????? 3.????
??????? 4.?????????,??????????????? 5.?????????,??
???????
38
9-5 ?????????
?????????
??IPCC?2007?4??????,??????????????????? 1.???????
2050?????????? 2.?????????????????? 3.????????????
?????????? 4.?????????? 5.????????,????????? 6.???
??????????????? 7.?????????????????????????????? 8
.?????????????????
39
9-5 ?????????
?????????
9. ???????????????? 10.???????,?????????? 11.?????
??????????? 12.??50????????,??????????????????,???
?????????????,????????????,???????200?,???????????
??????,????????????,?????????
40
9-5 ?????????
???????
???????6000 K?,???????????????????????????295
K,????????????????? ????????????????????,?????????
?????????????????CO2?CH4?N2O?H2O?????????,????????
???????????,??????????????????,????????
41
9-5 ?????????
???????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
(PFCs) ?????? (HFCs) ?,??????????????????????
42
9-5 ?????????
???????????? (1958-2008)
43
9-5 ?????????
????
??? (United Nations, UN) ?1992?6???????????????
(The Earth Summit)?,????????????? (framework
convention on climate change, FCCC)?,??????????20
00?????????????1990??????????????????? 1.???????
????????,??????? 2.?????????????????????,????? 3.
???????????,???????????? 4.?????????????????????
??
44
9-5 ?????????
?????
1997?12?????????????????,???????????????(Kyoto
protocol)?,????????????????????????????????????1.
????2.????????????4.???5.???? ????????,???????
?????????????2004?11????????????,?????????????????
???,??????2005?2?16?????,????????
(post-Kyoto)?????????,???????????,??????????????
45
9-5 ?????????
?????????????
46
9-5 ?????????
????????
????,????????????????????????????
1.???????????????????? 2.??????????????????????
??? 3.???????????????????? 4.???????????????????
?????? ??????,?????????????,??????????????????,??
?????????????????????
47
9-5 ?????????
????
?????????????????,????????????????????????
(carbon sequestration)?? 1.????????? 2.???? 3.???
???? 4.???????
48
9-5 ?????????
?????????

• ???????????,???????????????,?
• 1.????
• ??????
• ????