Title: 2-3 Rn???
1(No Transcript)
2?????????
- 2-1 ???????
- 2-2 ???????
- 2-3 Rn???
- 2-4 ????
- 2-5 ?????????
- 2-6 ????????
- 2-7 ????
32-1 ???????
- ??????????(vector),????????,?????????????????(rect
angular coordinate system) Rn ?????????? - ?????????2 ? 1?????
4- ?? x1?x2 ???,???? X ???(com-ponents)???????
,????? - ?????? P (x1, x2) ??????????????? P (x1,
x2),????????? ???? X (??2-1)???????? - ?? ???????? ,? ??
- ???,???? ??2-2?,?? ??? ???????,??????
5Tail of the vector
P( x1, x1)
Head of the vector
?2-1
?2-2
6- ????(vector in the plane)???? 2 ? 1
???,????????????????? - ??,????????(vector in the plane)??????
7- ? ??????,a ????,???????????????????
????(Scalar Multiple)
82X
X
X Y
?X
?2X
?2-3
?2-4
9- ? X?Y?Z ?????,c ? d ?????,?X Y
??????(????????),? - (1) X Y Y X
- (2) X (Y Z) (X Y) Z
- (3) X O O X X, ????(zero vector)
10- (4)??????(negative vector) ?X ,?? X (?X) 0 ?
cX ??????,? - (5) c (X Y) cX cY
- (6) (c d) X cX dX
- (7) (cd) X c (dX)
- (8) 1X X
11- ????????(real vector space) (V, ?,
?)??????(nonempty)??? V ????????????????????? - ? X?Y ? V ??????,? X ?Y ?? V ?(?????),?
- (1) X ?Y Y ?X
- (2) X ?(Y ?Z) (X ?Y) ?Z,X, Y, Z?V
- (3)V ????? O,??? V ?????? X ???O ?X X ?O X
- (4)????? V ???? X,????? X ??X ?(?X) (?X) ?X 0
- ? ??????
12- ? X ? V ?????,c ?????,?c?X ?? V ?(?????),?
- (5) c ? (X ?Y) c ?X ? c ?Y,X, Y?V
- (6) (c d) ?X c ?X ? d ?X
- (7)?????? c,d ? V ????? X,c ?(d ?X) (cd) ?X
- (8) 1?X X
- ? ??????
13- ?????,???X ? Y,c?X ???,?X Y ?cX??
- ? X ????? V ????,c ?????,?
- (1) oX O
- (2) cO O
- (3)? cX O,? c o ? X O
- (4)(?1) X ?X
14- ? V ??????,W ? V ?????? W ?V??????????????,?? W ?
V ??????(subspace)? - ??V??????,?V?O??????
15- ? V ??????,???? ? ? ??? W ? V ????????,? W ? V
?????????? - (1)?X?Y?W????,? X ?Y ?? W ??
- i.e. X?Y? W? X ? Y ? W
- (2)? c ?????,X ? W ?????,? c?X?? W ??
- i.e. c ?R, X? W? c?X ? W
-
16??(??2-9) (p.61)? W w w ?AXO???? ,??
W???R n ???????
- ? X, Y ? W, ?AXO AYO
- ?A(XY) AXAY O O O
- ? XY ? W (??2-3-(1)??)
- (ii) ? c ? R ? 0, ?X ? W ,?AXO
- ? A(cX) c A(X) cOO
- ? cX ? W (??2-3-(2)??)
?W?Rn ??????
17?? ?W (a,b,0) a,b ?R ,W???R3???????
- ?
- w1 (a1,b1,0) , where a1,b1 ? W
- w2 (a2,b2,0) , where a2,b2? W
- ? w1 w2 (a1a2,b1b2,0) ?W ??(1)??
(2) ? w1 (a1,b1,0) , where a1,b1 ? W? c ?
R ? cw1 c(a1,b1,0) , (c a1, c b1,0) ? W
??(2)??
18???
- ??R2???,????????????????,???R2?????
- (a) W1 (x,y) x?0 , y?R
- (b) W2 (x,y) x?0 , y ?0
- (c) W3 (x,y) x0 , y?R
192-2 ???????
- ? V ??????,X, X1, X2, , Xk,? V ???????? k ???
c1, c2, , ck,?? - X c1X1 c2X2 ckXk
- ???? X ? X1, X2, , Xk ?????(linear
combination)?
20- ? X1, X2, , Xk ????? V ?????,? X1, X2, , Xk
???????????,???ltX1, , Xk gt??,???, - ltX1, , Xkgt c1X1 ck Xk c1, , ck
,????? - ltX1, , Xkgt? V ??????
21- ? X1, , Xk ????? V ????????? W ltX1,,Xkgt??
X1, , Xk ???(is spanned by)?????????X1,, Xk
??(span) W? - W ltX1,,Xkgt is spanned by X1, , Xk
- or X1, , Xk span W
22???
- (a) (??2-10) (p.62)
- ??X1 (1, 1, 1),X2 (1, 2, 3),X3 (0 ,1 ,
0),??????R3? - (b)
- ?R3?,u1 (1, 1, 0),u2 (0, 1, 1),u3 (1 ,1 1)
,??u1 (1, 0, 0)????? u1, u2,u3 ????
23??? (??2-10) (p.62)
?? ? X (a,b,c) , ?? a, b, c?????,?X????X1 ,
X2 , X3???????
??? c1X1 c2X2 c3X3 X (a,b,c) , ?
c1 c2 a c1 2c2 c3 b c1
3c2 c
c1 (3/2)a - 1/2c c2 (1/2)(c-a) c3
b-(1/2)c-(1/2)a
? X1, X2 , X3????R3
24- ? X1, , Xk ????? V ???????????????? c1, , ck
?? - c1X1 c2X2 ckXk O (2-1)
- ??X1,, Xk ?????(linearly dependent)????X1, ,
Xk ?????(linearly independent)? -
- ????,?(2-1)???? c1 c2 ck 0 ?????,? X1,
, Xk ?????????,??????? Xi ????,? X1, , Xk
???????
25- ??X1,, Xk ???????????????
- ???????
- c1X1 c2X2 ckXk O i.e. CX O
- ????????????
- ????????????????,????????????,????????
26R2 ?????????????
c1X1 c2X2 O , Suppose c1 ? 0, X1
-(c2/c1) X2 - k X2
R2 ?????? ???????????????????
R2 ?????? ?????,????????????
27R3?????????????
R3 ?????? ? ?????????????
R3 ?????? ? ??????????????(Scalar Multiple)
28??? (??2-12) (p.64) ??????????????????
?R3?,X1 (1, 1, 1),X2 (1, 2, 3),X3 (0 ,1 , 0)
??? c1X1 c2X2 c3X3 0 (0,0,0) , ?
c1 c2 0 c1 2c2 c3 0 c1
3c2 0
? X1, X2 , X3 ?????
29??? (??2-12) (p.64) ??????????????????
(a) ?R2?, X1 (1, 2),X2 (1, 0), X3 (2, 1)
??? c1X1 c2X2 c3X3 0 (0,0) , ?
c1 c2 2c3 0 2c1 0c2 c3 0
30?????????????????????
- (b) ?R3?,u1 (1, 2, -1),u2 (1, -2, 1),u3 (-3,
2, -1) ,u4 (2, 0, 0) - (c) ?R4?,X1 (-1, 1, 0, 0),X2 (-2, 0, 1, 1)
- (d) ?R4?,u1 (1, 0, 1, 2),u2 (0, 1, 1, 2),u3
(1, 1, 1, 3)
31?????????????????????
- (b)?R3?,u1 (1, 2, -1),u2 (1, -2, 1),u3 (-3,
2, -1) ,u4 (2, 0, 0) - (c)?R4?,X1 (-1, 1, 0, 0),X2 (-2, 0, 1, 1)
- (d) ?R4?,u1 (1, 0, 1, 2),u2 (0, 1, 1, 2),u3
(1, 1, 1, 3)
32- ? X1, X2, , Xk ????? V ? k ???,?X1, X2, , Xk
????????????????????? k?1 ????????????
???(????(a)) ?R2?, X1 (1, 2),X2 (1, 0) , X3
(2, 1),??X1 ?X2? X3?????,?????2-4??
33- ????? V ???? S X1, X2, , Xn ????????
- (1) S ?????????
- (2) V ltSgt
- ?? S ? V ?????(basis)?
34???
- (a) ?R3?,X1 (1, 1, 1),X2 (1, 2, 3),X3 (0 ,1
,0),???S X1, X2, X3 R3?????? - (b) ???S X1, X2, X3, X4 ?R4??????,??X1 (1,0,
1, 0),X2 (0, 1, -1, 2) , X3 (0, 2, 2, 1) , X4
(1,0, 0, 2)
35- ???? V ????????,??????????????????,
- ?? S X1, X2, , Xn ?T u1, u2, , um
?????? V ???,?n m ? - ??????????? n,?? n ? V ???(dimension)? dim V
n,?? V ? n ?????(n-dimensional vector
space),????? O ???????0?
36- ????,
- dim R2 2
- dim R3 3
- dim Rn n ?
- ? S X1, X2, , Xn ????? V ???,?V?????? X ???
X1, , Xn ???????,????????
37- ? S X1, X2, , Xn????? V ???,? V ????? X
???????? - X a1X1 a2X2 anXn
- ???(a1, a2, , an)? X ???? S ?????(coordinate
vector),???
382-3 Rn???
- Rn ??? X (x1, x2, , xn)???(length or norm)?
- ???????? X ??????(x1, , xn)???,???????(x1,
x2, , xn)??(y1, , yn)?????,???? X ? Y
????????? - ????
39- ? X (x1, , xn),Y (y1, , yn)? Rn
??????,????(inner product)? - ????????????????
40- ? X?Y?Z ?? Rn ????,c ???,?
- (1) X.X X2 ??X.X 0 ???? X O
- (2) X. Y Y. X
- (3) (X Y). Z X.Z Y.Z
- (4) (cX).Y c (X.Y) X.(cY)
-
41- Cauchy-Schwarz,zd ???
- ? X?Y ? Rn ????,?
- (2-2)
- (?????????? ????????,???? ???????)
42- ? X?Y ? Rn ??????,? X?Y ??? ? ??????
43- ? X?Y ? Rn ??????,
- ? X.Y 0,?? X ? Y ??(orthogonal)?
- ? X.Y X Y,?? X ? Y ??(parallel)?
- ???2-11?,X ? Y ??,? cos ? 0 ? X ? Y ???? ?? X
? Y ??????, cos ? - 1,? X ? Y ??????,? cos ? ?1?
44- ? S X1, , Xn ? Rn ???,? i ? j ?,Xi.Xj
0,?? S ? Rn ?????(orthogonal basis)?? S X1,
, Xn? Rn ?????,? S ??????????,?? S ? Rn
?????(orthonormal basis)?
45- ? S X1, , Xn? Rn ?????,?????,? S ??????
- Gram-Schmidt ?????
- ? W ?Rn ??????,???? S X1, , Xm,???? S ?? W
????????
46- ? S X1, X2, , Xn ? Rn ?????,??? X ??? S
????
472-4 ????
- ? V?W ?????????? L V ? W ???
- (1) L(X1 X2) L(X1) L(X2),X1, X2 ? V?
- (2) L(cX) cL(X),X ? V, c ????
- ?? L ?? V ?? W ??????
48- ? L V ? W ??????,?
- (1) L(Ov) Ow,Ov,Ow???V?W????,
- (2) L(c1 X1 c2 X2 cn Xn) c1 L(X1) c2
L(X2) cn L (Xn),X1, X2, Xn ? V,c1, c2,
, cn ??????
49- ? L V ? W ??????,???
- Ker L X ? V L (X) Ow
- ?? L ??(kernel),???
- Range L Y ? W ?? X ? V,?? L(X) Y
- ?? L ???(range)?
50- ? L V ? W ??????,? Ker L ? V ????,Range L ? W
????? - ? L V ? W ????????? L(X1) L(X2)?,?? X1
X2,?? L ??????(one to one)?? Range L W ?,?? L
?????(onto)?
51- ? L V ? W ??????,? S X1, X2, , Xn? V
?????,?L(X1), L(X2), , L (Xn) ?? Range L? - ? L V ? W ??????,?
- dim (Ker L) dim (Range L) dim V (2-4)
522-5 ?????????
- ? L V ? W ??????,? S X1,, Xn,T Y1, ,
Ym??????? V ? W ?????? W ???? L(X1) , , L(Xn)?
T ????
53 54- ?????? L ????? S ? T ?????(matrix representing
the linear transformation L)? - ?????2-8????,V ??? X ??? S ????????XS,??? L(X)
??? T ?????????L(X)T?
55- ????? V?W ?????? S X1,, Xn?T Y1, ,
Ym,????? L V ? W??? S ? T ???????? A,??? V
??????X,
562-6 ????????
- ? A ? n ???,?????? ? ,??????? X,??
- AX ?X (2-5)
- ??????A????(eigenvalue or characteristic
value),?? X ???? ? ?????(eigenvector or
characteristic vector)?
57- ???????????,?????????
- (1)???2-18?,?????????,?????????????,????????????
- (2)??? X O ????(2-5)?,????,???????(2-5)???????
- (3)?X1 ? O,X2 ? O ???? ? ???????,a ?????,? a ?
0,??
58- ?? aX1 ? X1 X2 ????? ? ??????
- (4)??
- ? S ???? ? ?????????????????,??(3)? S ? Rn
????,????? ? ?????(eigenspace)?
59- ? A ? n ???????
- ?? A ??????(characteristic polynomal of A)?????
- ?? A ??????(characteristic equation of A)?
60- ? A?B ?? n ???,????????? P ?? B P?1 AP,?? B ? A
??(B is similar to A)? - ? A ?? n ????? A ????????,?? A ??????(diagonalizab
le)?
61- (1)??? A ? B ??,B ? C ??,? A ? C
????????????????(transitivity)? - (2)??? A ? B ??,? A B?
- (3)??? A ? B ??,? A?B ?????????
62- ? A ? n ???,? A ????????????? A ? n
?????????????,A ??????? D ??,? D P?1AP,? D
???????? A ????,??? P ?????? A ? n ???????????
63- ? ?1, ?2, ?m ? n ??? A ? m ???????,?????????X1,
X2, , Xm ??????? - ??? A ???????????,?????,??? A ???????
64- ??? A ?? m ??????? ?1, ?2 , , ?m,m lt n,?? ?i
????? ki , i 1, 2, , m,? - ,? A ????????????i ???????? ki , i 1, 2,
, m? -
- ???????????????????????????,?????????????
65 66- ? P ? n ??????,? PTP In,?? P ??????
- ? A ?????,????????? P,??P?1AP D,????? D
???????? A ?????
672-7 ????
- ???? n ?? x1, x2, ..., xn ????? Q(X) XTAX ??? n
?????(quadratic form in n variables),?? X x1,
x2, , xnT,A ??????? - ???????,????????? X PY,P ??????,? n ????? Q(X)
?????? n ?????Q?(Y)?
68- ? A?B ?? n ???,????????? P,?? B PTAP,?? A ? B
??(congruent)?
69- ? Q(X) XTAX,Q?(Y) YTBY ??????,? A ? B ??,?? Q
? Q? ??(equivalent)? -
70- ????(Principal Axes Theorem)
- ??? n ????? Q(X) XTAX ??Q?(Y)
- ??,?? Y y1, y2, , yn T,?1, ?2,
, ?n ? A ?????
71- ?A aij ? n ?????,? A ?????????
72- ? A aij ? n ?????,? A ?????????