?????? (Probability) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 41
About This Presentation
Title:

?????? (Probability)

Description:

P-value . – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:13
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 42
Provided by: Hojja
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: ?????? (Probability)


1
???? ??????
  • ????? ????? ????? ???????

2
?????
  • ???? ?????? (??????) ?? ????? ???? ??????
  • ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
  • ?????? (Probability)
  • ??????? (Frequency)
  • ???? (Ratio) ? ????? (Rate)
  • ????? (Distribution)

3
????? ??????????
  • ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??
    ????? ??? ????? ??????

???????
100
50
0
1
2
????? ???
4
????? ???????
  • ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????
    ??? ????? ??????
  • ??? ??????? ?

????
0.50
0.25
0
1
2
????? ???
5
????? ?? ???????
  • ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????
    (?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??
    ????? ????? ???? ????.)
  • ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????
    (dichotomous) ?????? ????.

6
????? ?????
  • ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
  • ??? ???????? ?????? ????.
  • ???? ????? ???????

???????
µ
????
7
?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????
  • ?) ???

???????
75
65
85
95
55
??? (kg)
8
?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????
  • ?) ???? ??? ???????

???????
12
11
13
14
10
BP (cmHg)
9
????? ????? ?????
  • ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????????
    ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????
    ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????
    ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
  • ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
    ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????
    ????? ?? ??? ???????.

10
???????? ????????? ????? ????????
95
  • ???????
  • ?????? ?????

???????
69
µ2SD
µ
µ-SD
µSD
µ-2SD
11
???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????
95

???????
69
14
BP (cmHg)
12
11
13
10
12
????!
  • ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
    ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??.

???????
µ2SD
µ
µ-SD
µSD
µ-2SD
13
????? ????? ??????
  • ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????
    ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??
    ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??
    ????? ??????? ???.
  • ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??
    ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????.
  • ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????
    ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
    ??? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????
    ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???
    ???????.

14
?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????
  • ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????!
  • ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????

???????
y
µ
x
????? ???????
15
?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????
??
??
??
??? ???????? ???
???????
µ
????? ???????
16
??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
  • ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??
    ????? ???.
  • ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????.
  • ????? ??? ?????? ????? (?? SD(X) ?? SEM ???
    ???????) ????? ??? ??

SEM s / n
v
?????? ????? ?? ?????
??? ?????
17
????? (Estimation)
  • ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??
    ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???.
  • ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??
    ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????
    ???? ???.
  • ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
    ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????
    ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??
    ????? ?? ??? ???????.

18
???? ?????? ????? ????????????
95

???????
69
µ2SEM
µ
µ-SEM
µSEM
µ-2SEM
19
???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????
  • ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????? 12.5
    ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? SEM ?????
    0.1 ????.

??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? A ????? ??????? ????? 12.7
???.
???????
??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? D ????? ??????? ????? 12.4
???.
??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? E ????? ??????? ????? 12.3
???.
C
D
B
X 12.5
E
A
BP (cmHg)
µ
µ-0.1
µ0.1
µ0.2
µ-0.2
20
???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????
  • ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? A ? ???? E ?????
    ??????? ????? ??? 12.3 ?? 12.7 ???.
  • ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? A ? ???? E ???.

???????
?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 12.3 ?? 12.7 ???.
95
C
D
B
E
A
BP (cmHg)
µ
µ-0.1
µ0.1
µ0.2
µ-0.2
21
???? ??????? (Confidence Interval)
  • ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 12.3 ??
    12.7 ???. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???
  • 95 CI 12.3 12.7
  • ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ? ?? ?????? ???? ??
    ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????!

22
?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????
  • ??? ???? ?? X ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????
    ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???????
    ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? (µ) ??
    ?? ????? ???.

???????
95
BP (cmHg)
X2SER
X-2SER
X
23
????? ?????
  • ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
  • ????? ?????
  • ??????? H1 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????.
  • ??????? H0 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.
  • ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? H1 ?? ????? ???. ?? ???
    ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? H0 ?? ?? ???.

24
????? ??????
  • ????? ???? ??? ??????
  • ??????? ??????? ?????? 11.5 ????????? ????
  • ??????? ??????? ?????? 12.5 ????????? ????
  • ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
    ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
    ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??
    ??????? ???? ????.

25
?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
95
???????
12.5
BP ?
95
???????
11.5
BP ?
26
????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??
  • ???? ???
  • ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???
    ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????. (????? ????? ??
    ???????!)

???????
11.5
12.5
BP
27
????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??
  • ???? ???
  • ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???
    ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. (? ??? ???? ?????
    ????? ??????.)

???????
12.5
11.5
BP
28
???????
  • ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??
    ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???.
  • ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??
    ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? (???? ????????
    ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????) ???? ?????
    ?? ?? ?? ????????? P-value ??? ???????.

29
P-value
  • ??? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
    ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??
    ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? P-value 0.01 ???.
  • ??? ?? P-value ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??
    ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
    P-value? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ???????
    P-value ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?
    ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???.

30
  • RESULTS
  • The patched incisions were statistically
    stronger than the controls (P lt 0.05).

31
  • RESULTS
  • BP in the albumin stent plus solder group
    (mean 185 mmHg) and the stent only group (mean
    133 mmHg) were significantly higher than the
    solder only group (mean 77 mmHg) (P lt 0.05).

32
  • RESULTS
  • In situ burst pressures were gt 503 mmHg for
    normal arteries and 181 /- 26.0 mmHg, for
    Elastase treated segments. (P lt 0.0001)

33
  • RESULTS
  • In early experiments on 31 rats, the success
    rate was 73. In later experiments with 10
    rabbits and 3 cats, there was an 80 and a 100
    success rate, respectively.

34
??? ??????
  • ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??
    ???? Relative Risk (RR) ? Odds Ratio (OR) ? ????
    ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????
    ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.

35
????
  • Risk ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????
    ???????.

????? ?????
????
?? ??
?? ?
????????? ????
RR 10
????????? ?????
??????? ????
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????
??
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????
?
Experimental Event Rate ( )
Control Event Rate ( )
CRR 0.02
ERR 0.20
Relative Risk (RR) EER/CER
36
?????
???? ????
????
?? ?
?? ??
EER 10
HDL ????
RR 0.33
CER 30
??????? ????
HDL ?????
37
????? ????
  • ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ? ?????
    ???? ???? Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) ??? ????.
  • ARR CER - EER
  • ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????!

38
???? ? ?????
?????
????
72 ?8
98 2
EER 28
???? ????
ARR 26
CER 2
??? ???? ????
??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???.
39
??????? RR
  • ?? ??????? ????-????? (Case-Control) ??? ?? ?????
    ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
    ???????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? EER ? CER
    ????? ?????????? ??? RR ???? ?????? ????? ???.
  • ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? RR ??
    ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????
    ????? ?? ??? Odds Ratio (OR) ??????? ????.

40
????
  • Odds ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????
    ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????.

??????
??? ??????
?? ??
?? ??
????? ???
Odds ?? ???? ?????? 5/1
Odds ?? ???? ??? ?????? 25/?
????
OR 6
41
??? ?????
  • RR ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????
    ???.
  • OR ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????
    ???.
  • ARR ????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????? ???.

??
??
???
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com