Title: ?????? (Probability)
1???? ??????
- ????? ????? ????? ???????
2?????
- ???? ?????? (??????) ?? ????? ???? ??????
- ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
- ?????? (Probability)
- ??????? (Frequency)
- ???? (Ratio) ? ????? (Rate)
- ????? (Distribution)
3????? ??????????
- ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??
????? ??? ????? ??????
???????
100
50
0
1
2
????? ???
4????? ???????
- ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????
??? ????? ?????? - ??? ??????? ?
????
0.50
0.25
0
1
2
????? ???
5????? ?? ???????
- ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????
(?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??
????? ????? ???? ????.) - ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????
(dichotomous) ?????? ????.
6????? ?????
- ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
- ??? ???????? ?????? ????.
- ???? ????? ???????
???????
µ
????
7?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????
???????
75
65
85
95
55
??? (kg)
8?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????
???????
12
11
13
14
10
BP (cmHg)
9????? ????? ?????
- ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????????
????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????
??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????
????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. - ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????
????? ?? ??? ???????.
10???????? ????????? ????? ????????
95
???????
69
µ2SD
µ
µ-SD
µSD
µ-2SD
11???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????
95
???????
69
14
BP (cmHg)
12
11
13
10
12????!
- ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??.
???????
µ2SD
µ
µ-SD
µSD
µ-2SD
13????? ????? ??????
- ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????
???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??
????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??
????? ??????? ???. - ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??
?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. - ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????
??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
??? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????
?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???
???????.
14?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????
- ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????!
- ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????
???????
y
µ
x
????? ???????
15?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????
??
??
??
??? ???????? ???
???????
µ
????? ???????
16??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
- ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ???. - ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????.
- ????? ??? ?????? ????? (?? SD(X) ?? SEM ???
???????) ????? ??? ??
SEM s / n
v
?????? ????? ?? ?????
??? ?????
17????? (Estimation)
- ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??
?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???. - ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??
????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????
???? ???. - ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????
?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??
????? ?? ??? ???????.
18???? ?????? ????? ????????????
95
???????
69
µ2SEM
µ
µ-SEM
µSEM
µ-2SEM
19???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????
- ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????? 12.5
?? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? SEM ?????
0.1 ????.
??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? A ????? ??????? ????? 12.7
???.
???????
??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? D ????? ??????? ????? 12.4
???.
??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? E ????? ??????? ????? 12.3
???.
C
D
B
X 12.5
E
A
BP (cmHg)
µ
µ-0.1
µ0.1
µ0.2
µ-0.2
20???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????
- ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? A ? ???? E ?????
??????? ????? ??? 12.3 ?? 12.7 ???. - ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? A ? ???? E ???.
???????
?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 12.3 ?? 12.7 ???.
95
C
D
B
E
A
BP (cmHg)
µ
µ-0.1
µ0.1
µ0.2
µ-0.2
21???? ??????? (Confidence Interval)
- ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 12.3 ??
12.7 ???. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? - 95 CI 12.3 12.7
- ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ? ?? ?????? ???? ??
??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????!
22?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????
- ??? ???? ?? X ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????
?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???????
?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? (µ) ??
?? ????? ???.
???????
95
BP (cmHg)
X2SER
X-2SER
X
23????? ?????
- ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
- ????? ?????
- ??????? H1 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????.
- ??????? H0 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.
- ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? H1 ?? ????? ???. ?? ???
?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? H0 ?? ?? ???.
24????? ??????
- ????? ???? ??? ??????
- ??????? ??????? ?????? 11.5 ????????? ????
- ??????? ??????? ?????? 12.5 ????????? ????
- ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??
??????? ???? ????.
25?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
95
???????
12.5
BP ?
95
???????
11.5
BP ?
26????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??
- ???? ???
- ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???
???? ????? ????? ?? ???????. (????? ????? ??
???????!)
???????
11.5
12.5
BP
27????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??
- ???? ???
- ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???
???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. (? ??? ???? ?????
????? ??????.)
???????
12.5
11.5
BP
28???????
- ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???. - ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??
?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? (???? ????????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????) ???? ?????
?? ?? ?? ????????? P-value ??? ???????.
29P-value
- ??? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??
??? ??? ?? ???? ???? P-value 0.01 ???. - ??? ?? P-value ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
P-value? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ???????
P-value ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?
???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???.
30- RESULTS
- The patched incisions were statistically
stronger than the controls (P lt 0.05).
31- RESULTS
- BP in the albumin stent plus solder group
(mean 185 mmHg) and the stent only group (mean
133 mmHg) were significantly higher than the
solder only group (mean 77 mmHg) (P lt 0.05).
32- RESULTS
- In situ burst pressures were gt 503 mmHg for
normal arteries and 181 /- 26.0 mmHg, for
Elastase treated segments. (P lt 0.0001)
33- RESULTS
- In early experiments on 31 rats, the success
rate was 73. In later experiments with 10
rabbits and 3 cats, there was an 80 and a 100
success rate, respectively.
34??? ??????
- ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??
???? Relative Risk (RR) ? Odds Ratio (OR) ? ????
??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.
35????
- Risk ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????
???????.
????? ?????
????
?? ??
?? ?
????????? ????
RR 10
????????? ?????
??????? ????
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????
??
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????
?
Experimental Event Rate ( )
Control Event Rate ( )
CRR 0.02
ERR 0.20
Relative Risk (RR) EER/CER
36?????
???? ????
????
?? ?
?? ??
EER 10
HDL ????
RR 0.33
CER 30
??????? ????
HDL ?????
37????? ????
- ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ? ?????
???? ???? Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) ??? ????. - ARR CER - EER
- ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????!
38???? ? ?????
?????
????
72 ?8
98 2
EER 28
???? ????
ARR 26
CER 2
??? ???? ????
??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???.
39??????? RR
- ?? ??????? ????-????? (Case-Control) ??? ?? ?????
?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
???????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? EER ? CER
????? ?????????? ??? RR ???? ?????? ????? ???. - ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? RR ??
????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????
????? ?? ??? Odds Ratio (OR) ??????? ????.
40????
- Odds ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????
?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????.
??????
??? ??????
?? ??
?? ??
????? ???
Odds ?? ???? ?????? 5/1
Odds ?? ???? ??? ?????? 25/?
????
OR 6
41??? ?????
- RR ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????
???. - OR ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????
???. - ARR ????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????? ???.
??
??
???