DEVELOPMENT OFSPEECH SOUNDS

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• DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH SOUNDS

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I. DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS

• A. Introduction

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When we gather case histories
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Medlineplus.gov 2018

• Almost 1 of every 10 infants born in the U.S. is
  premature
• A full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks. Preemie baby
  born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy.

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Fogle, 2019potential problems with preemies
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Gleason Ratner (2017). Language development
(9th ed.)
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II. INFANT SPEECH PRODUCTION

• Youtube
• Baby cooing
• (by Lamialockheart)
• (the video actually shows
• the phonation stage)

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• This early stimulation is necessary because
  speech sounds originate at the laryngeal level
• However, noncrying sounds are much more important
  in the development of speech

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• These sounds are usually produced during
  feeding or in response to caregivers

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• Infraphonological Stage 1

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Infraphonological Stage 2

• Primitive articulation 1-4 months
• Goo and coo happen (vocalizations produced at
  back of oral cavity)

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Infraphonological Stage 3
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• Universal stages of language acquisition -- Vocal
  play
• Youtube4 month old baby

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Infraphonological stage 4
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Stoel-Gammon Dunn, 2017 (not on test)

• 12 consonants account for 95 of babies
  productions
• /p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, w, j, s, h/

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• Youtube talking twin babies
• (reduplicated babbling)
• Universal stages of language acquisition --
  Variegated babbling
• Laura McGarrity

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III. INTEGRATIVE STAGE

• Onset of speech may last till 18 mos. old,
  include first true words
• Jargon meaningful words combined with
  nonmeaningful babbled sounds
• Gibberish Sequenced but nonmeaningful syllables
  produced with adult-like prosody

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IV. TRANSITION PERIOD PROTOWORDS
Adult speech
babbling
protowords
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Protowords are

• Vocalizations consistently produced under
  specified stimulus conditions
• Not based on recognizable adult models
• Not true words

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V. FIRST REAL WORDS MEANINGFUL SPEECH

• 1. Stableconsistently produced
• 2. Used in a particular stimulus context
• 3. Must resemble the adult form
• 4. predictable consequence (e.g., adult reaction)

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Youtube example of real words

• 15 month old baby girl answers Mama's questions

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VI. SOUND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

• A. Single Phonemes
• Age of development 50 of children produce
  sound accurately
• Age of mastery 75-90 of children produce sound
  accurately

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Mastery--I am very interested in this info for
test 1 ? (p. 168)
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The next slide is just for your information

• You are not responsible for it on the test
• Its in your Simply Brilliant book ?

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Cross-Sectional Study Example Great for
Parents!!!
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B. Consonant Clusters

• Information is contradictory
• Please know the bullet-pointed list of
  conclusions on p. 164

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Consonant clusters
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C. Vowels
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VII. COMMON ERRORS

• A. Liquids
• B. Nasals

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C. Alveolar and Palatal Fricatives and Affricates
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D. Glides
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E. Labial and Dental Fricatives

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F. Stops
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G. Consonant Clusters

• Obstruents stops, fricatives, affricates
  (everything except glides, liquids, and nasals)
• usually clusters are reduced to the
  obstruent
• Obstruent /w/ clusters reduced to the obstruent
• t?n/tw?n kæk/kwæk
• Obstruent /l/ clusters reduced to the obstruent
• fi?/fli? gæd/glæd

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In consonant clusters
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• Obstruent /r/ clusters ? to obstruent
• ta?/tra? kik/krik
• Clusters with /s/ consonant ? to /w/, nasal, or
  stop component of the cluster
• tap/stap p?t/sp?t n?f/sn?f
• Three-member clusters (e.g., squirrel) usually ?
  to stop
• pi?/spri? k??l/skw??l

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VIII. INTELLIGIBILITY OF SPEECH
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Hilarious youtube video

• 5 year old tries to have a conversation with Siri
• Do you hear any speech sound errors?

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• (please memo for test p. 175)

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IX. TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT PHONOLOGICAL
PROCESSES

• Researchers have boiled this down to processes
  disappearing and persisting after 3 years of age
• This helps us know what to treat in therapy and
  what not to worry about

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A. Processes Disappearing by 3 yrs.
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B. Processes Persisting After 3 yrs.
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Processes persisting after 3 (cont.)
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