Viruses and Six Kingdoms

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Viruses and Six Kingdoms
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• Viruses are non living things.
• Viruses cannot grow, maintain homeostasis,
  process energy or reproduce without a host cell.
• Composed of a protein coat and a nucleic acid.
  (RNA or DNA).
• Parts of a virus
• Nucleic Acid DNA or RNA
• Capsid-protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid
• Lipid Envelope- Not present in all viruses.

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• Two ways viruses replicate
• Lysogenic Cycle- invades the host cell,
  integrates its DNA into the host DNA, begins to
  replicate with the host cell. Temperate.
• Certain chemicals, etc. can cause the viral DNA
  to move into the lytic cycle.
• Ex. Herpes
• Lytic Cycle-invades a host cell, makes new
  viruses then destroys the cell by releasing the
  new viruses. Virulent.
• Ex. Flu

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• DNA Viruses
• Joins its DNA with the host DNA and the host
  cell does all the work for the virus.
• Bacteriophages are a type of DNA virus.
• RNA Viruses
• Retroviruses
• Even uses the host cell to make DNA! Then
  combines the DNA with the host and the host does
  all of the work.
• Ex. HIV

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Treatment and Prevention

• Vaccinations
• Chemicals that stimulate the bodys immune
  system.
• If your immune system is prepared to fight a
  disease you will not become symptomatic.
• Treatment-Viruses are difficult to cure.
• Some drugs will keep the virus in a dormant
  (lysogenic) staganti-viral e but it is still
  there.
• Ex. Herpes, HIV
• Some viruses your body can fight.
• Ex. Common Cold, Flu

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Bacteria

• Simple, single-celled organisms.
• Can be harmful and helpful.
• There are two groups of bacteria.
• Archaebacteria-old, extreme bacteria
• Eubacteria-newer, disease causing
• Three basic shapes
• Bacilli-rod shaped
• Cocci-sphere shaped
• Spirilla- spiral shaped

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Bacterial Reproduction

• Cellular Division (asexual)
• Since bacteria are only single celled organisms
  so they copy their DNA and split into two
  organisms.
• Conjugation (sexual)
• Two living bacteria bind together and one
  bacterium transfers genetic information (DNA) to
  the other.
• Why might this be a problem?

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Antibiotics

• Vaccination exist for bacterial infections as
  well.
• Antibiotics fight bacteria only!!!!
• When bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic the
  weak die first. There may be some mutants that
  remain or some bacteria are left behind.
• These bacteria can reproduce and conjugate
  forming a new population of resistant bacteria!!!!

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Kingdom Protista

• Protists are unicellular (mostly) and eukaryotic.
• Animal-like Some protists can move
  independently and are heterotrophic.
• Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Foraminifera
• Plant-like protists that are autotrophic and
  cannot move independently.
• Ex. Algae (only multicellular protist) Diatoms
  and Dinoflagellates, Spirogyra
• Fungus-like These protists heterotrophic
  (decomposers) and do not move independently.
• Ex. Slime molds

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Protist Functions

• Protists remove waste by diffusion and also a
  specialized organelle called a contractile
  vacuole. This helps pump out excess water so the
  cell does not explode!
• Like all living things protists carry out
  respiration on their mitochondria to produce
  energy.
• Like all unicellular living things, protista
  transport materials throughout their cell using
  the cytoplasm.
• Protists excrete waste by diffusion through the
  membrane.

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Ecological Significance of Protists

• Algae is the Earths main source of carbon
  dioxide fixing!!! Thanks algae ?
• Algal Blooms pollute water and kill fish.
• Ex. Red Tide
• http//www.rr.com/video/2310023154

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Protist Diseases

• Malaria is caused by a protist that is carried in
  the mosquito gut.
• African Sleeping Sickness is caused by a protist
  and carried by the Tse Tse fly.

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• Coach Workbook
• Lesson 26
• Scan the lesson information and answer questions
  1-4 ON YOUR NOTES SHEET
• We will check these in 8 minutes.

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Kingdom Fungi

• Mycology is the study of fungus. Ex. Mushrooms,
  molds, yeasts
• Fungus is eukaryotic, multicellular and
  heterotrophic
• How are they different from animals??!!
• Fungi are heterotrophic but they are decomposers.
  They break down food outside of their bodies
  extracellular digestion.
• Have cell walls.
• Fungus can cause a variety of diseases.
• Athletes foot, jock itch, ring worm, yeast
  infections, thrush
• Fungus are important in the environment! Fungus
  return nutrients to the soil

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• Fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually.

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Fungi in our lives.

• Fungus can cause a variety of diseases
• Athletes foot, jock itch, ring worm, yeast
  infections, thrush
• However they are also a major benefit to our
  environment!
• Mycorrhizal relationshipssymbiotic relationship
  between plants and fungus.
• Decompose dead matter to return nutrients to the
  environment.
• Thanks Fungus!!!

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Plants Day 1General Plant Information

• All Plants are
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic (even the carnivorous plants)
• Eukaryotic
• Non-motile
• Cell Walls
• Create a venn diagram to compare and contrast
  plants and fungus (station 1)

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Plant Tissues/Parts

• Leaves-collect sunlight for photosynthesis and
  release gases and excess water through stomata
  (little mouths).
• Contain vascular tissue.
• Can be modified for the environment.
• Vascular tissue-used as a transport system in
  plants. Xylem carries water and phloem carries
  sugars (food).
• Roots-absorb water from the soil and support the
  plant. Tiny root hairs increase water
  absorption.
• Stems-support and structure for the plant. They
  contain vascular tissue.

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Major Groups of Plants

• Bryophytes-mosses and worts
• Nonvascular Plants-do not have special tissue to
  transport water and nutrients.
• No roots, stems or leaves
• Use spores to reproduce sexually
• Ferns
• vascular plants
• without seeds-use spores to reproduce sexually
• Because ferns have vascular tissue they can grow
  much larger than mosses.

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Seeds!

• What are the benefits of producing seeds?
• Can be dormant until proper moisture/temperature
• Edible but not destroyed
• Adaptations to fly or be carried on animals
• Increases the chance of successful offspring
• Plants are to seeds as Fungus is to ____________.

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• Gymnosperms naked seeds-pine trees
• Vascular Tissue
• First plant to evolve with seeds but they are not
  kept in a fruit
• Angiosperms flowering plants-pumpkins, apple
  trees, tomatoes
• Vascular Tissue
• Seeds contained within a fruit
• If a plant has a fruiting body it must have a
  flower.

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Plant Day 1 Stations/ 4.0

• Read the instructions and different stations in
  your plastic sheet.
• All needed materials will be rotated to your
  table.
• Stations will rotate every 15 minutes.
• Questions?

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Flowers

• Take one of the flowers that is NOT a daisy from
  the vase at your table.
• Pull off a few of the pedals from one side of the
  flower.
• Draw the structures inside.

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Pistil
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Plant Quiz!

• What is the function of the petals?
• ATTRACT POLLINATORS
• 2. What part of the flower holds the pollen?
• STAMEN (ANTHER)
• True or False The pistil is the female part of
  the flower.
• True or False The stamen becomes the fruit to
  hold the seeds.
• True or False A plant that produces a flower is
  called a bryophyte.

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Pistil
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Plant Practice

• What part of the flower attracts pollinators?
• 2. What part of the flower produces pollen?
• 3. True or False The pistil is the female part
  of the flower.
• 4. True or False The ovary becomes the fruit to
  hold the seeds.
• 5. True or False A plant that produces a flower
  is called a gymnosperm.

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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Animal Notes / 4.0What is an Animal?

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Motile
• Sexual Reproduction
• More advanced systems

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Differences in the Animal Kingdom

• Vertebrates-Have a backbone
• Invertebrates-Do not have a backbone
• Trends in evolution
• Symmetry Asymmetrical, Radial,
  Bilateral(cephalization)
• Cells to tissues to organs to organ systems
• Sponges are the least advanced (most primitive)
  animal. Sponges do not have specialized tissues.
• Chordates are the most advanced. We have
  backbones and organ systems

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annelids
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Insects
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amphibians
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Mammals (look in a mirror)
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Animal Function Chart!

• Complete the chart using the key for the 4
  highlighted animal groups.
• You may use a textbook, phone (online notes) and
  previous knowledge.
• 20 minutes

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Major Groups of Animals

• Annelids
• Invertebrates with segmented bodies
• Closed Circulatory System Blood is enclosed in
  tubes
• Nephridia Organ for excretion (like a kidney)
• Sexual Reproduction Annelids are hermaphrodites
  (have male and female genitalia)
• Primitive Brain
• Insects
• Invertebrates with an exoskeleton and jointed
  appendages
• Open Circulatory System Blood is not enclosed
  in tubes and washes over organs.
• Complete Metamorphosis to completely change
  forms. Ex. Catepillar to butterfly.
• Trachea is used for gas exchange (respiration)
• Malpighian tubules to excrete waste.
• Social Structure and communication through
  pheromones. Ex. Ants following a trail.
• Brain and advanced sensory organs

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Major groups of animals cont.

• Amphibians Vertebrates (chordates) that live
  part of their life in water and part on land
• Ectothermic cold blooded
• Closed Circulatory System powered by a 3
  chambered heart
• Metamorphosis change through development. Ex.
  Tadpole to a frog.
• Lay eggs usually in the water.
• Mammals Vertebrates (chordates), Hair, Mammary
  Glands
• Closed Circulatory System and Advanced Nervous
  System
• Internal Fertilization/Mostly Live Birth
• Eutherians (Placental), Marsupial (pouch),
  Egg-laying mammals
• ex. Humans ex.
  Kangaroo ex. Platypus

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Kingdom Animalia

• Differences in the animal Kingdom
• asymmetry
• Bilateral symmetry
• Radial symmetry
• Vertebrate
• Invertebrate
• Gastrulation-gut formation
• Protosome
• Deuterosome