The String Theory

1
The String Theory

• Is string theory the answer to finding a set of
  rules for the entire universe?

2
Rule 1 The Universe

• The Theory of Relativity
• According to Einstein
• Space and time are not rigid
• Space can bend
• Energy and Matter tells space how to bend
• Space tells matter how to move

F21 (GmM)/ r2
G 6.67 x 10-11Nm2/kg2
3
Rule 2 Quantum Physics

• Deals with the other three forces
• Strong Force
• Force that holds the nucleus together
• Weak Force
• Force that transforms quarks
• Quarks are particles that make up protons and
  neutrons
• Electro-magnetic Force
• Forces between charges

4
The Problem

• Two Rules for one world

5
Fantastic Four

• There are Four Forces that control all the
  universe
• Gravity
• Weak Force
• Strong Force
• Electro-Magnetism
• Explaining how these four forces work TOGETHER in
  both the quantum world and the relativistic world
  is the challenge of modern day physicists.

6
The String Theory History

• 1921
• Kaluza-Klein Theory
• 1970
• Official Birth of String Theory
• 1974
• Graviton is Discovered Perhaps this is the theory
  to unify all the forces

• 1984
• Anomalies of String theory disappear allowing the
  string theory to be accepted by the populace
• 1990s
• String theory splits into 5 separate theories but
  is united under one M-Theory

7
String Theory

• String theory is the theory that all the world is
  made of tiny string of energy that are vibrating
  in different patterns
• When string theory was first developed, there
  were 5 theories that came out of it. 4 theories
  worked in a 10 dimensional world and 1 theory
  worked in an 11 dimensional world
• Going from only two laws to five?

8
M-Theory

• Known as the Mother, Matrix, Magic, Membrane, or
  Mystery Theory
• United the string theory stating that the 5
  string theories were just different parts of this
  overall theory.

9
More than 4 Dimensions?

• In order to completely explain all the movements
  of a string that could create the universe we
  live in, 10 and in some cases 11 dimensions are
  needed.
• The Four Dimensions we know of
• Right/Left
• Up/Down
• Forward/Backwards
• Time

10
Shadows on a Wall

• Cambridge University
• In order to explain the extra dimensions
• Think of yourself in a cave
• On the wall you see shadows that are two
  dimensional compared to the three dimensional
  world that you are in
• To explain extra dimensions think of yourself now
  as the shadow in a world of larger dimensions

11
Parallel Universes

• The Elegant Universe, a education video by Brian
  Greene, explains these extra dimensions as
  Parallel Universes
• We can not pass through to these dimensions
• The Big Bang could possible the dimensions
  hitting one another
• These parallel dimensions are like slices of
  bread. Our universe is just one slice of bread
  in an entire loaf.

12
Another Idea

• What if we were strings in another universe?
• Such that the strings in our universes could
  possibly be universes of their own.
• Strings, according to physicists, can stretch to
  form objects that look like flattened strings
  that have expanded towards their centers
• If we were a string in another universe and the
  strings in our universe were actually universes
  that would explain that when we get closer to the
  size of these strings we could detect more than
  just the 4 dimensions of our own world but the 3
  or so of the universe in the string its self.
• Any ideas about this?

13
Is this the Answer?

• Is the M-Theory the overall rule for the
  universe?
• At the moment it is just a pile of mathematical
  equations that work out eloquently.
• Some say it's like a computer dropped into the
  19th century. No one can figure out how it works
  because the science behind it hasn't yet been
  invented.
• K.C. COLE, Times Science Writer

14
Is this the Answer? (cont)

• Brian Greene states it best saying, "Today's
  physicists are in possession of what may well be
  the Holy Grail of modern science, but they can't
  unleash its full predictive power until they
  succeed in writing the full instruction manual."

15
Sources Included

• The PBS Nova Production The Elegant Universe
  hosted by Brian Greene
• 1999 Los Angeles Times
• http//www.2think.org/t000104312.shtml
• Cambridge University
• http//www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_ss.ht
  ml
• http//theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node54.html
• http//superstringtheory.com/