Animal Kingdom

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Animal Kingdom Pt 4

• Dr. James Whitfield, Ph.D.

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Phylum - Chordata

• The defining characteristics of the Phylum
  Chordata is the presence of a notochord, a dorsal
  hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal slits
• All chordates are bilaterally symmetrical,
  triploblastic coelomates with organ level
  classification
• All chordates have a ventral heart and a post
  anal tail

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Phylum - Chordata
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Comparison between Chordates and Non-
Chordates
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Phylum - Chordata

• The phylum chordata is divided in three subphyla
• Urochordata or Tunicata

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Phylum - Chordata

• The phylum chordata is divided in three subphyla
• Urochordata or Tunicata
• Cephalochordata

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Phylum - Chordata

• The phylum chordata is divided in three subphyla
• Urochordata or Tunicata
• Cephalochordata
• Vertebrata

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Phylum - Chordata

• The subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are
  often referred to as protochordates. They are
  exclusively marine

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Phylum - Chordata

• The subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are
  often referred to as protochordates. They are
  exclusively marine
• In the Urochordates the notochord is present only
  in the larval stages, whereas in the
  Cephalocordates the notochord is present
  throughout life

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Phylum - Chordata
Larval stage of the tunicata (Left) and the adult
stage (right) The larval free swimming phase has
all the characteristics of chordates. The adult
tunicates also called sea squirts are sessile
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Phylum - Chordata
Lancet or amphioxisus is the primary example of
the cephalochordata
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Phylum - Chordata

• Members of the sub-phylum vertebrata possess a
  notochord during embryonic development which is
  replaced by the vertebral column as an adult

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Phylum - Chordata

• Members of the sub-phylum vertebrata possess a
  notochord during embryonic development which is
  replaced by the vertebral column as an adult
• Thus all vertebrates are chordates but not all
  chordates are vertebrates

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The Phylum Vertebrata is Subdivided as Follows
Vertebrates
Agnatha
Gnathostomata
(Lacks Jaws)
(Has Jaws)
Super Class
Pisces - Fins Tetrapods Limbs
Class
Class
Class Cyclostomata
Chrondrichthyes Amphibia Osteichthyes
Reptilia
Aves
Mammals
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Class - Cyclostomata

• All members of the the class cyclostomata are
  ectoparasites for some species of fish

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Class - Cyclostomata

• All members of the the class cyclostomata are
  ectoparasites for some species of fish
• Hey have an elongated body with multiple pairs of
  gill slits

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Class - Cyclostomata

• All members of the the class cyclostomata are
  ectoparasites for some species of fish
• Hey have an elongated body with multiple pairs of
  gill slits
• They have a sucking, circular mouth without jaws.
  They are devoid of scales and paired fins

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Class - Cyclostomata

• All members of the the class cyclostomata are
  ectoparasites for some species of fish
• Hey have an elongated body with multiple pairs of
  gill slits
• They have a sucking, circular mouth without jaws.
  They are devoid of scales and paired fins
• They have a cartilagenous cranium and vertebral
  column

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Class - Cyclostomata

• They live in the oceans but migrate to fresh
  water to spawn.

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Class - Cyclostomata

• They live in the oceans but migrate to fresh
  water to spawn.
• Within a few days of spawning they die and the
  larvae return to the ocean

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Class - Cyclostomata
Hagfish slime - the biomaterial of the future
100X thinner than a human hair 10X stronger than
nylon
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Class - Chondrichthyes

• All members of the class chondrichthyes are
  marine animals, with a streamed line
  cartilagenous body

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Class - Chondrichthyes

• All members of the class chondrichthyes are
  marine animals, with a streamed line
  cartilagenous body
• The notochord is present throughout life

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Class - Chondrichthyes

• All members of the class chondrichthyes are
  marine animals, with a streamed line
  cartilagenous body
• The notochord is present throughout life
• Gills slits re present but without the operculum
  (gill cover)

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Class - Chondrichthyes

• All members of the class chondrichthyes are
  marine animals, with a streamed line
  cartilagenous body
• The notochord is present throughout life
• Gills slits re present but without the operculum
  (gill cover)
• The skin is tough with small placoid scales.
  Placoid scales are homologous to teeth in mammals
  with a central pulp cavity covered by a layer of
  dentin

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Class - Chondrichthyes

• All members of the class chondrichthyes have
  teeth (that are modified placoid scales) that
  point backward
• The do not have a swim bladder hence they need
  to continue swimming or they will sink and die

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Class - Chondrichthyes

• All members of the class chondrichthyes are
  cold-blooded (poikilothermous) animals with a
  two- chambered heart (one auricle and one
  ventricle)

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Class - Chondrichthyes

• Some rays have electric organs, organic
  batteries' formed from modified muscle tissue.
  The cells of these organs form tiny stacks of
  batteries in series to increase the voltage,
  while adjacent stacks produce a parallel effect
  to increase the amperage or current flow. Skates
  have elongated, spindle-shaped electric organs in
  their tails, which may serve in self-defense to
  ward off potential predators

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Class - Chondrichthyes

• Some members have poison stingers in their tails
  that can inject a lethal venom
• Sexes are separate. They have internal
  fertilization and many are vivaparous, however
  some are oviparous and some are ovoviparous. The
  male pelvic fins sport claspers to be used in
  reproduction

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Most famous member of the class chondrichthyes
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Class - Osteichtyes

• This class includes all marine and fresh water
  fish with an endoskeleton

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Class - Osteichtyes

• This class includes all marine and fresh water
  fish with an endoskeleton
• Unlike the chondrichthyes, the gills of
  osteichtyes are covered by an operculum (a bony
  covering) important in oxygen absorption

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Class - Osteichtyes

• This class includes all marine and fresh water
  fish with an endoskeleton
• Unlike the chondrichthyes, the gills of
  osteichtyes are covered by an operculum (a bony
  covering) important in oxygen absorption
• Fish of either class are cold-blooded
  (poikilotherms) they have an air bladder which
  helps to maintain bouyancy, they have a two
  chambered heart, two sexes, external
  fertilization. Once again some are oviparous,
  ovoviparous and viviporous

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Class - Amphibia

• Amphibians can live in both aquatic and
  terrestrial environments. However, they all lay
  eggs covered in gelatinous material that
  necessitates them being laid in water with
  indirect development (i.e. tadpoles become frogs)

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Class - Amphibia

• Amphibians can live in both aquatic and
  terrestrial environments. However, they all lay
  eggs covered in gelatinous material that
  necessitates them being laid in water with
  indirect development (i.e. tadpoles become frogs)
• The body is divisible into a head and trunk, they
  have moist skin which is important for oxygen
  diffusion (they all have undeveloped lungs). The
  eyes have a third or nictitating membrane, with
  an earlike tympanum posterior to the eye

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Class - Amphibia

• All amphibians (as well as reptile and birds)have
  a common opening for the digestive, reproductive
  and urinary tract called the cloaca

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Class - Amphibia

• All amphibians (as well as reptile and birds)have
  acoomon opening for the digestive, reproductive
  and urinary tract called the cloaca
• Amphibians have a three chambered heart (two
  atria and one ventricle)
• They are cold-blooded
• They have separate sexes with external
  fertilization. They are oviparous with indirect
  development

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The Cane Toad is an invasive species in the
Southern United States its native to Central and
South America. Its skin produces a chemical
called 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine. The
chemical gets into the body and acts as a
serotonin agonist, binding to serotonin receptors
and releasing a lot of the feel-good substance
into the body. However, It's a cardiotoxic
steroid that can release massive bursts of
adrenalin in the person or animal that ingests
it the adrenalin first increases the heart rate
and then causes fibrillation. Enough of the toxin
causes irregular heartbeat, seizures, and death.
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Class - Reptilia

• The word repere to creep or crawl hence the name
  reptile refers to the method of locomotion among
  members of this class

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Class - Reptilia

• The word repere to creep or crawl hence the name
  reptile refers to the method of locomotion among
  members of this class
• Retiles are mostly terrestrial whose body is
  covered with dry cornified skin and scales or
  scutes

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Class - Reptilia

• The word repere to creep or crawl hence the name
  reptile refers to the method of locomotion among
  members of this class
• Retiles are mostly terrestrial whose body is
  covered with dry cornified skin and scales or
  scutes
• Limbs when present are paired, sexes are
  separate, fertilization is internal, they are
  oviparous and development is direct

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Class - Reptilia

• Reptiles have a three chambered heart. However,
  the crocodilia have a highly modified four
  chambered heart. Crocodiles may have the most
  complex of all vertebrate animals

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Class - Reptilia

• Reptiles have a three chambered heart. However,
  the crocodilia have a highly modified four
  chambered heart. Crocodiles may have the most
  complex of all vertebrate animals
• Crocodiles have both a right and left aorta
  connected by hole called the Foramen of Panizza

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Class - Reptilia

• Reptiles have a three chambered heart. However,
  the crocodilia have a highly modified four
  chambered heart. Crocodiles may have the most
  complex of all vertebrate animals
• Crocodiles have both a right and left aorta
  connected by hole called the Foramen of Panizza
• They have specialized valves that when they are
  submerged can direct the blood to the left aorta
  to the body and away from the lungs

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Class - Reptilia

• This valve can also be used to shunt extra blood
  to the stomach. Blood returning from the body to
  the heart has extra carbon dioxide. Carbon
  dioxide is also a building block of stomach acid,
  which helps digest food. So, when blood rich with
  carbon dioxide goes to the stomach instead of the
  lungs, it can aid digestion.

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Class - Aves

• The characteristic feature of the class aves
  (birds) is the presence of feathers and that with
  a few exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they
  can fly

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Class - Aves

• The characteristic feature of the class aves
  (birds) is the presence of feathers and that with
  a few exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they
  can fly
• The forelimbs of birds have been modified into
  wings. The hind limbs are generally designed for
  walking, swimming or clasping tree branches

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Class - Aves

• The characteristic feature of the class aves
  (birds) is the presence of feathers and that with
  a few exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they
  can fly
• The forelimbs of birds have been modified into
  wings. The hind limbs are generally designed for
  walking, swimming or clasping tree branches

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Class - Aves

• The characteristic feature of the class aves
  (birds) is the presence of feathers and that with
  a few exceptions (ostrich, kiwi, penguins) they
  can fly
• The forelimbs of birds have been modified into
  wings. The hind limbs are generally designed for
  walking, swimming or clasping tree branches
• Birds have oil glands at the base of their tails
  to aid in waterproofing feathers

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Class - Aves

• Birds have a fully ossified endoskeleton in which
  the hollow long bones contain air sacs
• The digestive tract of birds contains some
  additional organs, the crop (which is used to
  store excess food) and a two chambered stomach,
  the first chamber the proventriculus secretes
  acid with a pH of 0.2! It is used to diest skin,
  bone and hair. The second portion the gizzard, is
  used to grind up and digest material that has
  survived the proventriculus.

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Class - Aves

• All birds are homeotherms (warm-blooded) with a
  four chambered heart

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Class - Aves

• All birds are homeotherms (warm-blooded) with a
  four chambered heart
• They all have lungs as well as additional air
  sacs for supplemental respiration

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Class - Aves

• All birds are homeotherms (warm-blooded) with a
  four chambered heart
• They all have lungs as well as additional air
  sacs for supplemental respiration
• Fertilization is internal, they are oviparous and
  the development is direct

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Class - Mammalia

• All mammals
• Are warm blooded
• All mammals have hair or fur (sometimes its hard
  to find and may be very sparse)
• Most are born alive (monotremes lay eggs)
• The young are nourished on milk produced in the
  modified sweat glands called mammary glands
• All mammals share a common evolutionary history
  dating back about 300 million years

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Class - Mammalia

• All mammals
• Have external ears
• Have a single solid lower jaw bone (mandible)
• Have 3 bones in the middle ear, the stapes, incus
  and malleus
• Have a single aortic arch that curves to the left
  (in birds it goes right and in all other
  vertebrates multiple arteries leave the heart)
• Have a diagram in fact only mammals have a
  diaphragm

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Thank you!