KINGDOM ANIMALIA Characteristics of Animals

1
KINGDOM ANIMALIACharacteristics of Animals
2
Picasso time!

• 3 minutes!
• Draw the first thing that comes to mind when you
  hear the word.
• ANIMAL

3
Picasso time!

• How many of you drew a familiar animal such as a
  dog , cat or horse?
• How many drew a wild animal?
• How many drew more than one type of animal?
• Did anyone draw something that shows the general
  characteristics of an animal, rather than a
  specific animal?

4
Picasso time!

• If you knew nothing about animals, what would you
  conclude about animals based on these drawings?

5
Animalia
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
General Characteristics

• All animals are eukaryotic and multicellular
• All animal cells do not have cell walls
• All animals are heterotrophic
• - They are unable to obtain energy directly from
  the sun and must therefore obtain food and energy
  from other Heterotrophic or Autotrophic organisms

29
To survive Animals must

• Feed to gain nutrients
• Respire to use oxygen
• Have an internal transport for o2, nutrients, and
  waste
• Excrete their wastes
• Respond to their environment
• Move (actually some are sessile!)
• Reproduce

30
How would you group animals?

• Frog, horse, shark, snake, jellyfish, shrimp,
  lobster, octopus, snail, sea star, eagle,
  cricket, crab, salmon, dolphin, monkey,
  earthworm, tapeworm, butterfly, moose, iguana,
  turtle, bat, eel, squid, bumble bee, sea urchin,
  leech, earthworm, tarantula spider, oyster, clam
  
• What are the Unifying Characteristics of each
  group you have made?

31
Animal Cell Diagram
32
Animal Species

• Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of
  animals inhabit the earth.
• About 800,000 species have been identified.

33
Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

34
Animal Phyla

• Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla
  within the Kingdom Animalia.
• We will look at 9 phyla
• 8 invertebrate phyla

35
Major Animal Phyla
36
Animal Classification

• Level of Organization (Tissues)
• Type of Body Plan
• Type of Symmetry
• Type of Coelom
• Segmentation
• Embryological Development

37
(No Transcript)
38
1. Level of Organization

• All living organisms can demonstrate different
  levels of organization
• Atoms,
• Molecules,
• Cells,
• Tissues,
• Organs,
• Organ Systems,
• Organisms.

39
1. Level of Organization

• Cellular level
• - No tissues present, just cells
• Tissue level
• - Has tissues but no organs
• - Has 2 germ layers
• Endoderm inner layer of cells
• Ectoderm outer layer of cells
• Organ level
• - Has 3 germ layers
• Endoderm inner layer of cells
• Ectoderm outer layer of cells
• Mesoderm middle layer of cells

40
TISSUE LAYER ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEMS THEY FORM
Ectoderm Nervous system Skin
Mesoderm Muscles Circulatory System Skeletal System Reproductive System
Endoderm Lining of gut and respiratory tracts Liver Pancreas
41
1. Level of Organization cont

• The bodies of most animals (all except sponges)
  are made up of cells organized into tissues.
• Each tissue is specialized to perform specific
  functions.
• In most animals, tissues are organized into even
  more specialized organs.

42
1. Level of Organization cont

1. Cellular Level
2. Tissue Level
3. Organ Level

43
2. Body Plan

• Sac-Like Plan
• - Has an incomplete digestive system with only
  one opening which serves the function of both the
  mouth and the anus
• Tube-Within-a-Tube Plan
• - Has a complete digestive system with two
  openings a mouth for food input and an anus for
  waste output

44
2. Body Plan cont

1. Sac-Like Plan
2. Tube-Within-A-Tube Plan

45
3. Body Symmetry

• How many ways can you divide a pizza into perfect
  halves?

46
3. Body Symmetry cont

• How many ways can you divide a chair into perfect
  halves?

47
3. Body Symmetry cont

• How many ways can you divide a rock into perfect
  halves?

48
3. Body Symmetry cont

1. Asymmetrical body (ex. Rock)
2. Radial Symmetry (ex. Pizza)
3. Bilateral Symmetry (ex. Chair)

49
Body Symmetry

• Asymmetry (sponge)
• Radial symmetry (sea anemone)
• Pentaradial symmetry (starfish, sea urchin)
• Bilateral symmetry (human, insect)

50
Body Symmetry
51
Body symmetry
52
Animal Symmetry

• The most primitive animals are asymmetrical.

53
a. Asymmetrical

• Ex. The Sponges

54
Radial Symmetry

• applies to forms that can be divided into
  similar halves by more than two planes passing
  through it.
• Animals with radial symmetry are usually sessile
  (remain in a fixed place), free-floating, or
  weakly swimming.

55
b. Radial Symmetry

• Ex. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Anemone

56
c. Bilateral Symmetry

• Animals with bilateral symmetry are most
  well-suited for directional movement which makes
  them motile

57
Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
58
Cephalization

• Bilateral Symmetry usually has led to
  cephalizationthe process by which sensory organs
  and appendages became localized in the head end
  of animals.

59
4. Type of Coelom

• A coelom is an internal body cavity that develops
  from the mesoderm tissue layer during an animals
  development.
• This cavity lies between the gut and the body
  wall and is lined by epithelial cells which make
  up the peritoneum.

60
4. Type of Coelom cont

1. Acoelomates
2. Pseudocoelomates
3. Coelomates

61
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate
Body Cavity () Peritoneum
Body Cavity (-) Peritoneum
No Coelom
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
62
(No Transcript)
63
a. Acoelomates

• These animals have no other cavity than the gut.
• They are often called the solid worms.

64
b. Pseudocoelomates

• These animals have a body cavity (the
  pseudocoelom) which is not completely lined with
  mesoderm.
• The tube within a tube body plan.
• This category is also composed of mostly worms.

65
c. Coelomates

• These animals have a true coelom lined with
  mesodermal peritoneum.
• Most animals are coelomate.

66
5. Segmentation

• Segmentation refers to the repetition of body
  parts that contain similar structures along the
  length of the body.
• This can lead to specialization of body parts
  because various segments become differentiated
  for specific purposes

67
5. Segmentation cont
68
Animal Evolution

• We typically study animals in three groups which
  reflect their evolutionary history.
• A. The Lower Invertebrates
• These phyla demonstrate a fairly linear evolution
  (simple biology)
• They include Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes
  and Nematodes

69
Early embryonic development
70
The blastopore becomes.

• The mouth in protostomes
• The anus in deuterostomes

71
(No Transcript)
72
Animal Evolution

• B. The Protostomes
• This is one of two main branches of animal
  evolution
• Named this way due to embryo development
• They include the Annelids, Molluscs, and
  Arthropods

73
(No Transcript)
74
Animal Evolution

• C. The Deuterostomes
• These are the the animals on the other great
  branch of animal evolution
• Include the Echinoderms and the Chordates
  (including us!)
• Represent the most highly evolved animals

75
Animals

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• No cell walls
• 7 must have behaviours
• Evolutionary advances

76
(No Transcript)
77
Evolutionary Advances effect behaviour

1. Multicellular body plan
2. True tissues (germ layers)
3. Bilaterally symmetrical body plan (vs. radial,
   asymmetrical)
4. Tube-within-a-tube body plan (vs no body
   cavity)
5. Coelomate body plan (vs. pseudoceolomate)
6. Segmentation (vs. non segmented)
7. Prostostome (vs deuterostome)

78
(No Transcript)
79
The 7 animal must have behaviours

• Feed to gain nutrients
• Respire to use oxygen
• Have an internal transport for o2, nutrients, and
  waste
• Excrete their wastes
• Respond to their environment
• Move (actually some are sessile!)
• Reproduce

80
(No Transcript)
81
Other terms to know

• Ventral - the underside
• Dorsal - the back of the animal the side
  opposite the ventral side. The vertebral column
  of vertebrates is on the dorsal side of the
  animal.
• Lateral - toward the side
• Median - toward the middle
• Anterior - the head end
• Posterior - the end opposite the head end
• Caudal - toward the tail
• Cranial - toward the head

82
Other terms to know (continued)(will not be on a
test or quiz, but are useful for labs etc.)

• Longitudinal - along a line from the head to the
  tail
• Transverse - along a line that is 90 to the
  longitudinal axis (see above)
• Superficial - shallow
• Pectoral - toward the forelimbs
• Pelvic - toward the rear limbs
• Distal - far from
• Proximal - near