Natural products: carbohydrates

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Natural products carbohydrates

• Intermediate 2 Chemistry
• Unit 2(e)

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Key questions

• What are carbohydrates?
• Why are they important to life?

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Carbohydrates

• Compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and
  oxygen, the hydrogenoxygen ratio being 21
• C6H12O6
• C12H22O11
• They are made by plants
• They supply they body with energy

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Overview

• There are three basic types of foodstuff
• Fats and oils
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates

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Photosynthesis
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Types of carbohydrate

• Sugars
• glucose
• fructose
• maltose
• sucrose
• Starches

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Testing for carbohydrates
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Testing for sugars
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Testing for starch
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Respiration

• The process by which the body obtains a supply of
  energy by breaking down carbohydrates (using
  oxygen) to give carbon dioxide and water.

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Structure of carbohydrates
H2O
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• Sugars are small molecules e.g. glucose
• Starch is a condensation polymer of glucose
• Plants convert glucose into starch to store energy

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Digestion

• The opposite process happens during digestion

HO
OH
O
H2O
HO
OH
OH
HO
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• This is a hydrolysis reaction
• The glucose is carried by blood to body cells
• Starch can be hydrolysed by acid and by enzymes

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Hydrolysis of starch
Mixture of glucose and starch solution
water
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Enzymes

• Biological catalysts
• Function best at body temperature
• They are destroyed (denatured) at higher
  temperatures