A%20New%20Spirit%20of%20Change

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A New Spirit of Change

• Chapter 14

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Emigration to the U.S. from Europe
1820-1860
Percent of Total Immigrants
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Irish

• Fleeing hunger (caused by Potato Famine),
  poverty, English persecution
• Settled in East Coast cities
• Famine is when people starve due to lack of food

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Germans

• Escaping warfare in Central Europe
• Settled primarily in Midwest and some in Texas
  like in
• Fredericksburg and New Braunfels

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Pull and Push Factors

• PULL FACTORS
• Freedom
• Economic opportunity
• Lots of Land

• PUSH FACTORS
• High population in Europe
• Crop failures
• Industrial Revolution
• Religious turmoil and warfare

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Reforms

• From the 1820s onward, America started to change
  for the better. These changes are called reforms.
  
• A Reformer is someone who sees that something is
  wrong in our society, so that person tries to
  reform or fix the problem.
• Examples include

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Dorothea Dix Mental Illness

• People with mental illnesses were not understood
  in early America and were often mistreated and
  sometimes even abused.
• Dorothea Dix led the fight for better treatment
  of the mentally ill.
• Dorothea Dix reformed the treatment of the
  mentally ill by convincing many that these people
  should not be locked away in prisons but treat
  with care. Eventually mental hospitals were
  opened throughout the country to help the
  mentally ill.

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Horace Mann- School Reform

• Before the American Revolution there were very
  few public schools. Only wealthy children
  received an education.
• Horace Mann wanted to change that. With his
  reforms public schools were opened up all across
  the nation that taught all children, rich and
  poor, in the same schools.
• Schools would also be free and children would be
  forced to receive an education!

Yes this man is the reason you are here right now!
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Temperance Movenment Alcohol

• Alcohol was a serious problem in our countries
  early history. Many people especially poorer men
  drank way too much.
• Church based Temperance (The avoidance of
  Alcohol) Leagues started across the country to
  ban alcohol.
• They would fight an almost 100 year battle which
  they finally won in 1919 with the passing of the
  18th Amendment to the Constitution which banned
  the selling of Alcohol until 1933.

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Prison Reform Treatment of Prisoners

• Prisons were truly horrible in early America.
  Prisoners often had to remain silent, eat
  terrible food, and were beaten by guards.
• Prison reformers like Eliza Farnham want to
  change these conditions.
• They wanted prisoners to be reformed. She allowed
  prisoners to be educated in the hopes that they
  would be rehabilitated or changed for the better
  so they could go back into society.

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Second Great Awaking - Religion

• Methodist, Baptist, and other Protestant
  religious groups became popular.
• They often held outdoor services to recruit new
  converts.
• These groups were very successful and attracted
  large numbers. These churches also taught and
  encourage reforms like the temperance movement.

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Shaping an American Identity

• During the middle part of the 19th century
  American artist started giving voice to an
  American Identity.
• For example before this period Americans read
  English literature along with Greek tragedies,
  but now American authors were publishing
  important works and an astonishing rate.

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Hudson River School

• A school of painters who influenced early
  American art. They focused on landscapes or
  paintings of the environment.

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Asher Durand Hudson River School Landscape
Painter

• Founder of Hudson River School
• Painted feeling rather than reality

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Thomas Cole Hudson River School Landscape
Painter

• Most famous of the Hudson River School artists

• Painted series like Voyage of Life and Course
  of Empire

The Savage State
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Thomas Cole Pastoral State
The Pastoral State
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Thomas Cole
Consummation of Empire
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Thomas Cole
Destruction
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Thomas Cole
Desolation
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John James Audubon

• Nature artist
• Best known for his sketches of birds
• Audubon Society named in his honor

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Later American Artist Western Art

• Frederic Remington, Charles Russell, George
  Catlin painted art of the American West.

A lot of these can be found at the Amon Carter
Museum in Fort Worth!
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Ralph Waldo Emerson Philosopher

• Wrote essays emphasizing need for Americans to be
  self-reliantindependent from European culture
• Encouraged Americans to learn about life from
  nature, self-examination, and KNOWLEDGE
• Transcendentalism was the belief that humans were
  good, and through knowledge we achieve individual
  perfection

Do not go where the path may lead, go instead
where there is no path and leave a trail.
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Henry David Thoreau

• Walden
• Civil Disobedience

• Suggested that people should live by their own
  standards
• With Emerson, founded the philosophy of
  Transcendentalism
• Spiritual world more important than physical
  world
• Truth can be discovered by feeling and intuition

Go confidently in the direction of your
dreams! Live the life you've imagined.
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Walt Whitman - Poet

• Patriotic Poet wrote poems praising
  ordinary Americans
• Best known for his poems
• Leaves of Grass
• I Hear America Singing
• Oh Captain, My Captain

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Emily Dickinson

• A recluse in life, became extremely famous after
  her death.
• Shaped American poetry by experimenting with
  language (with Whitman)
• Poems focused on subjects of God, Nature,
  Love, and Death

Hope is the thing with feathers, that
perches in the soul, and sings the tune without
words, and never stops at all.
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James Fenimore Cooper Author

• Wrote books known as the Leatherstocking Tales
  5 books in all including Last of the Mohicans
• Featured nature life on the frontier along with
  the Noble Savage an Indian who behaves with the
  morals and bravery of a white Man.

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Washington Irving

• Legend of Sleepy Hollow
• Rip van Winkle

• Wrote some of the 1st novels describing America
• Usually set in the New York countryside

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

• Celebrated Americas Past by retelling history
  through poetry.
• Made Paul Revere famous as a Revolutionary War
  hero, 20 years after his death,

• Paul Reveres Ride
• One if by Land, two if by sea.

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Edgar Allen Poe

• The Raven
• The Tell-Tale Heart
• Annabel Lee
• Author of stories that dealt with the workings
  of the mind, horror, and detective stories.
• The Raven was extremely popular

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

• Wrote stories set in Puritan New England
• Like Poe, had a dark view of human nature

• The Scarlet Letter
• House of the Seven Gables

A
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Herman Melville

• Melvilles stories, like Moby Dick, were drawn
  from his experiences at sea when he sailed on a
  whaling expedition.

Call me Ishmael.
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Mark Twain

• Mark Twain was born in Missouri and became
  probably the most famous American writer of all
  time.
• His novels like Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn
  told stories of ordinary people living along the
  Mississippi River.
• He stories were often humorous and his characters
  talked in accents like real people of that time
  and place spoke.