Topic VII

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Topic VII.Continued

• Storage and Movement of Ground Water

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Porosity and Permeability

• Porosity -A measure of the amount of air space
  within a soil is known as porosity. A soil of
  high porosity means that there is a great deal of
  air space between soil particles.
• Permeability - If the air spaces within the soil
  are interconnected, water can flow through the
  rock and soil and the material is said to be
  permeable

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Material can be porous without being permeable,
but it cannot be permeable without being porous.
Porous, but not permeable
Porous and permeable
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FACTORS AFFECTINGPorosity..

• Shape of particles -
• .the more well rounded the particles within a
  soil or rock sample are, the more porosity the
  sample has.
• Size distribution -
• If all particles are the same size, there is
  more porosity than if the particles are of mixed
  sizes

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Shape of particles.
Angular
Well rounded
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FACTORS AFFECTING Permeability.

• The larger the grain sizes, the more permeable
  the material
• The more homogeneous the material sizes, the more
  permeable the soil is
• Generally, the more well rounded the material is,
  the more permeable it is.

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Regions of Groundwater
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Note the following regions of groundwater.

• Zone of Aeration - the upper zone of ground where
  pore spaces are NOT all filled with water.
• Zone of Saturation - the lower layer of ground
  where all pore spaces are filled with water.

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In the Zone of Aeration,

• It is composed of 3 regions.
• 1 - The uppermost regions where water forms a
  film around grains of topsoil(soil water)
• 2 - The Capillary Fringe which lies just above
  the water table and draw water up from the zone
  of saturation.
• 3 - the middle zone which remains relatively dry.

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The Water Table

• The water table is the topmost layer of the zone
  of saturation.
• The water table will rise and fall with
  topography, with seasons, and with use.

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Ordinary Wells and Springs
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Ordinary wells

• Must penetrate deeply into highly permeable rock
  and sediment.
• If the well is not deep enough, the well may run
  dry during the summer months.
• As water is pumped out of such a well, a cone of
  depression forms in the water table. If this
  depression goes lower than the well, the well
  runs dry.

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Artesian Wells and Springs...
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Artesian Wells.

• Require a sloping permeable layer of rock which
  often runs hundreds of miles under ground. The
  layer is known as an Aquifer
• Water collects in an area of high elevation in
  the exposed area of an aquifer and is then
  carried down underground by gravity.
• The aquifer acts as a hose. When you tap into
  the hose, the water flows under its own pressure.