US Presidents

1
US Presidents
2
George Washington (1789-1797)No party

• Economy Hamilton established BUS
• Foreign Policy
• No foreign entanglements (no long term alliances
  in peacetime)
• Jays treaty (British leaves forts on US soil,
  British damages maritime US losses)
• Pinckneys Treaty (Spanish clarifies
  south-western borders, free navigation of
  Mississippi)
• Domestic
• Whiskey Rebellion (force to maintain order)
• Political/Legal
• Disliked formation of parties
• 2 term limit

3
John Adams (1797-1801)Federalist

• Foreign Policy
• French Revolution
• XYZ affair
• Convention of 1800, peace w/France, alliance
  canceled, French to pay damages to American
  shippers
• Domestic
• Alien Sedition act
• Political/Legal
• Marshall Court

4
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)Demotic Republican

• Economy
• Embargo Act (forbidden exports, tried to get
  France/Britain to respect US)
• Lowered taxes
• Eliminated whiskey tax
• Non-Intercourse Act embargo to France/Britain
• Foreign Policy
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• Chesapeake Affair

• Domestic
• -Lewis Clark
• -Cumberland Road authorized
• Political/Legal
• -Midnight judges (Marbury v. Madison,
  judicial review)

5
James Madison (1809-1817)Democratic Republican

• Economy
• Macons Bill No2 lifts embargo for first country
  to repeal certain decrees/orders
• Protectionist Tariff of 1816- British goods start
  flooding US market, first protectionist tariff
• First BUS charter ends, not renewed
• Foreign Policy
• War of 1812
• Treaty of Ghent ends War of 1812, Not one inch
  of territory ceded or lost, armistice

6
James Madison (cont.)(1809-1817)Democratic
Republican

• Domestic
• Battle of Tippecanoe (Tecumseh dies Indians
  screwed, Harrison gets famous)
• Battle of New Orleans (Jacksons popularity
  increases)
• Cumberland Road construction begins
• Vetoes Bonus Bill (internal improvements should
  be done by state)
• Political/Legal
• Fletcher v. Peck (legislatures could not mess
  w/contracts)

7
James Monroe (1817-1825)Democratic Republican

• Economy
• Second BUS (1816)
• Panic of 1819- wildcat banks, too much land
  speculation
• Foreign Policy
• Monroe Doctrine hands off American continent
• Russo-American Treaty of 1824- Russia leaves
  Oregon
• Treaty of 1818- fixed northern boundary of
  Louisiana

8
James Monroe (cont.)(1817-1825) Democratic
Republican

• Domestic
• Jackson invades Florida
• Missouric Compromise (slave below 3630, admit
  Maine/Missouri)
• Political/Legal
• Gibbons v. Ogden- states couldnt regulate
  interstate commerce
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward states cant mess
  w/contracts

9
John Q. AdamsDemocratic Republican

• Economy
• Tariff of Abominations
• Domestic
• Corrupt bargain, Clay becomes Secretary of State
• Political/Legal
• Henry Clay throws election to Adams

10
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)Democrat

• Economy
• Pet banks, pulls money out of BUS
• Vetoes vote to recharter BUS
• Tariff of 1832- lower than Abomination, but
  seemed more permanent
• Compromise Tariff of 1833
• Foreign Policy
• Texas wins independence

11
Andrew Jackson (cont.)(1829-1837) Democrat

• Domestic
• Indian Removal Act
• Maysville Road veto- strict construction
• Specie Circular- attempted to discourage land
  spec., paid hard money for hard land
• Political/Legal
• Spoils system

12
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)Democrat

• Economy
• Panic of 1837- screwed Buren over
• Independent Treasury
• Foreign Policy
• Recognizes Republic of Texas, but doesnt annex

13
William Henry Harrison (1841-1841)Whig

• Political/Legal
• Longest speech, shortest term

14
John Tyler (1841-1845)Whig

• Economy
• Vetoed bank bills
• Vetoed a tariff bill
• Foreign Policy
• Webster-Ashburton treaty Maine border dispute
• Texas annexed

15
James K. Polk (1845-1849)Democrat

• Economy
• Tariff-for-revenue Bill lowered average rates
  from 32 to 25
• Foreign Policy
• Fifty-four forty or fight, but didnt fight
• War w/Mexico got disputed land of Texas and
  California
• Domestic
• CA, OR acquired
• California gold rush 1848

16
Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)Whig

• Domestic
• Doesnt want Compromise of 1850

17
Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)Whig

• Domestic
• Wants Compromise of 1850 (CA free, Fugitive Slave
  Act)

18
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)Democrat

• Foreign Policy
• Ostend Manifesto- sent diplomats to try to get
  Cuba from Spain but Northerners found failed
• Gadsden Purchase- create Pacific RR and brought
  land from Mexico
• Domestic
• Kansas-Nebraska Act- Nebraska free, Kansas
  slave but northerners came into Kansas (caused
  formation of Republicans)

19
James Buchanan (1857-1861)Democrat

• Economy
• Financial crash of 1857 North was hardest hit
  and south thought they could live without the
  north (King Cotton)
• Tariff of 1857 lowest tariff since 1812 rate
  20 Northerners complained, fincancial crisis
  struck soon after
• Domestic
• John Brown- martyr for anti-slavery forces
  killed pro-slavery person in Kansas
• Lincoln-Douglas debates
• Political/Legal
• Dred Scott v. Sanford slaves were considered to
  be property couldnt sue in federal courts

20
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)Republican

• Domestic
• Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Crittenden compromise below 3630 would be
  slave above would be free Lincoln struck it down
• Freedmens Bureau education land for blacks
• Political/Legal
• Suspend civil liberties during war

21
Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)Democrat

• Economy
• National Labor Union appears
• Foreign Policy
• Seward buys Alaska
• Political/Legal
• 13th Amendment (free slaves)
• 14th Amendment (citizenship)
• Impeached but acquitted in Senate

22
Ulysses Grant (1869-1877)Republican

• Economy
• Panic of 1873 RR speculation
• Resumption Act redeem govt loans in hard
  currency (step away from bimetallism)
• Domestic
• Political corruption (Credit Mobilier scandal,
  Tweed Ring, Whiskey Ring)
• Freedmens Bureau expires
• Political/Legal
• 15th Am. (voting)
• Force acts (guarantee voting for blacks)
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 (full and equal
  accomodations, ruled unconstitutional by SC)

23
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1841)Republican

• Economy
• Bland-Allison Act Treasury buys silver makes
  silver dollars (continued bimetallism)
• Domestic
• Hayes-Tilden standoff--gt Compromise of 1877 end
  of military reconstruction for Hayes victory
• Desert Land Act gave land to those who would
  irrigate for 3 years

24
James Garfield (1881-1881) Republican

• Assassinated by deranged office seeker, led to
  Pendleton Act

25
Chester Arthur (1881-1885)Republican

• Economy Tariff of 1875- continued protectionist
  principles
• Foreign Policy
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Political/Legal
• Pendleton Act (led to downfall of patronage)

26
Grover Cleveland (part 1 1885-1889)Democrat

• Economy
• Interstate Commerce Act rein in RRs (but
  commissioners were all RR people, so nothing
  happened)
• Knights of Labor dissolved
• Foreign Policy
• Dawes Severalty Act largely destroys Indian
  govts
• Political/Legal
• Wabash case defeat for populists who wanted to
  control railways

27
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Republican

• Economy
• McKinley Tariff highest tariff in American
  history until then (48)
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibited combinaitons
  in restraint of trade ... Would be used to target
  unions though
• Foreign Policy
• Pan-American conference worked w/Latin America
  to establish treaties on trade

28
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Republican--
continued

• Domestic
• Billion Dollar Congress
• Frontier line disappears
• Pension Act 1890 gave money to veterans (too
  much money coming in)
• Hull House helped immigrants
• US Forest Service est. by Forest Reserve Act
• Political/Legal
• Populists organized

29
Grover Cleveland (part 2 1893-1897)Democrat

• Economy
• Panic of 1893 (blamed on Sherman Silver Purchase
  Act, which would be repealed)
• Foreign Policy
• Hawaii revolts, but Cleveland refuses to annex
• Domestic
• Labor unrest (Pullman strike)
• Political/Legal
• Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal

30
William McKinley (1897-1901) Republican

• Economy
• Gold Standard Act stopped bimetallism
• Foreign Policy
• USS Maine sunk
• Imperialism
• Open Door note
• Domestic
• Yellow journalism (hyped Maine)

31
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Republican

• Economy
• Northern Securities case he didnt want trusts
  out of control
• Panic of 1907 (Roosevelt Panic)
• Foreign Policy
• Panama Canal
• Expansionism Platt Amendment (Cubans got
  independence in name only)
• Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick)

32
Theodore Roosevelt (cont.)

• Domestic
• 3 Cs conservation, consumer, corporations
• Hepburn Act no free passes strengthens ICC
• Regulations Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and
  Drug Act
• Political/Legal
• Lochner v. New York- cant limit of working hrs
• Gentlemens Agreement w/Japan
• Muller v. Oregon womens working hrs can be
  restricted

33
William H. TaftRepublican

• Economy
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff Taft didnt lower tariffs
• US Steel prosecution- angered TR
• Foreign Policy
• Dollar diplomacy
• Domestic
• NAACP forms
• Ballinger-Pinchot Affair disagreement between
  TR Taft

34
Woodrow WilsonDemocrat

• Economy
• Underwood Tariff lowered tariff
• Federal Reserve Act
• Clayton Antitrust Act outlawed price
  discrimination, allowed labor unions
• FTC established
• LaFollette Seamens Act
• Workers Compensation Act
• Adamsons Act- 8 hr workday for interstate RR
  workers (same wages as 10 hr day)
• Keating-Owens Act federal child labor law
• War Revenue Act graduated income tax

35
Woodrow WilsonDemocrat

• Foreign policy
• Tries to stay out of WWI
• Russian Rev. (US doesnt recognize for 16 years)
• Treaty of Versailles Fourteen Points
• League of Nations
• Red Scare Sacco Vanzetti

36
Woodrow Wilson Democrat

• Domestic
• Triple Wall of Privilege (tarriff, banks, trusts)
• Selective Service Act WWI draft
• War Industries Board took control of war
  industries
• Harlem Renaissance
• Political/legal
• 16th Amendment- income tax
• 17th Amendment- direct election of senators
• Appoints Jew to Supreme Court
• Schenck v. US 1st Am. restricted during war
• 18th Amendment- prohibition
• 19th Amendment- woman suffrage

37
Warren G. HardingRepublican

• Economic
• Fordney-McCumber tariff blatantly protective
  tariff
• Foreign Policy
• Separate peace w/ Germany
• Domestic
• Veterans Bureau
• Emergency Quota Act
• Scandals Teapot Dome, Veteran Bureau
• KKK revived

38
Calvin CoolidgeRepublican

• Foreign Policy
• Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war
• Domestic
• Snyder Act of 1924- American Indians get
  citizenship
• Immigration Act of 1924- similar to Emergency
  Quota Act
• Political/ legal
• Scopes trial- evolution trial

39
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Republican

• Economy
• Stock market crash
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation- gave loans to
  businesses (trickle-down)
• Norris LaGuardia Anti-Injection Act- no
  yellow-dog contracts
• Foreign Policy
• Debt Moratorium- slowed repayment on loans from
  European nations
• Domestic
• Bonus Army veterans march on Washington,
  dispersed by military force

40
Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945) Democrat

• Economy
• Hundred Days Congress
• TVA
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (paid to not grow
  crops)
• Bank holiday
• Good Neighbor policy- stopped armed intervention
  in Latin America
• Civilian Conservation Corps- young men work in
  forest, send earnings to family
• Federal Emergency Relief Act- direct to
  civilians

41
Franklin Roosevelt

• Economy (continued)
• Indian Reorganization Act more pol. eco.
  Freedom
• National Housing Act- fed. Housing
  administration, homes for cheap
• Works Progress Administration- provided for
  public works
• Wagner Act- National Labor Relations Board est.
• Social Security- pay money to retired people
• Fair Labor Standards Act- minimum wage maximum
  hours

42
Franklin Roosevelt

• Foreign Policy
• Neutrality Acts
• Munich Conference- appeases Germany
• Cash carry
• Lend-lease Act
• Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
• Atlantic Charter (if US enters war, Europe would
  be first)
• Tehran conference- Big Three meet, open 2nd
  front in Europe

43
Franklin Roosevelt

• Domestic
• GI Bill
• Fair Employment Practices Commission- no
  discrimination in war industry
• War Production Board (WPB)- controlled production

44
Franklin Roosevelt

• Political/Legal
• 20th Amendment- shortens lame duck period
• 21st Amendment- prohibition ends
• court-packing- no messing w/SC
• Korematsu v. US- internment legal

45
Harry Truman (1945-1953)Democrat

• Economy
• Employment Act- fed. govt. responsible for
  economy
• Taft-Hartley Act- no closed shop (cant be forced
  to join union)
• Fair Deal
• Foreign Policy
• Potsdam Conference- expanded on Yalta conference
• Nuremburg Trials- warcrime trial
• Churchills Iron Curtain
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Containment policy
• Berlin Airlift
• NATO (North Atlantic TREATY Organization, not
  trade)

46
Harry TrumanDemocrat

• Domestic
• National Security Act- coordinates wartime
  intelligence
• Armed forces desegregate
• Political/Legal
• Fear of communism
• Alger Hiss
• Rosenbergs
• McCarthyism
• 22nd Amendment 2 terms

47
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)Republican

• Economy
• Landrum-Griffin Act- limited union boycotting
• National highways
• Foreign Policy
• Korean war armistice
• Domino theory
• Geneva Summit (open skies- ignored)
• Hungarian revolution failed
• Suez crisis? intervention in Middle East
• Sputnik

48
Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublican

• Domestic
• Civil rights Montgomery Bus Boycott, Little Rock
  integrated, SCLC SNCC est., lunch counter sit
  ins
• Alaska Hawaii become states
• Political/legal
• Brown v. Board- separate is inherently unequal

49
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)Democrat

• Foreign Policy (Cold War)
• Berlin Wall constructed
• Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis
• Alliance for Progress Marshall Plan for Latin
  America
• Trade Expansion Act- led to lower tariffs between
  Europe US
• Peace Corps founded

50
John F. KennedyDemocrat

• Domestic
• Civil Rights Freedom Riders, March on Washington
• Political/legal
• 23rd Amendment DC gets 3 electoral college votes

51
Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocrat

• Economy
• Great Society- fought poverty racial injustice
• War on Poverty, Medicare Medicaid
• Foreign Policy
• Vietnam
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Paris Peace Talks
• Tet offensive

52
Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocrat

• Domestic
• Civil Rights Acts
• Political/legal
• 24th Amendment- no poll taxes
• Miranda case (Miranda v. Arizona)
• 25th Amendment presidential succession
• First black on Supreme Court

53
Richard NixonRepublican

• Economy
• OPEC embargo
• Alaskan pipeline
• Foreign Policy
• Détente
• SALT
• Opens relationship w/China
• Ceasefire in Vietnam
• Moon landing

54
Richard NixonRepublican

• Domestic
• Environment- Clean Air Act, EPA
• Watergate
• Political/legal
• War Powers Act- President couldnt send troops
  w/o approval
• 26th Amendment 18 to vote

55
Gerald FordRepublican

• Foreign Policy
• South Vietnam falls
• Political/legal
• Pardons Nixon

56
Jimmy CarterDemocrat

• Economy
• Energy Department (due to OPEC)
• Foreign Policy
• Camp David between Egypt Israel
• Panama Canal treaty US will return it
• SALT II
• Iran Hostage Crisis
• USSR invades Afghanistan
• Political/legal
• Pardons draft evaders in Vietnam War

57
Ronald ReaganRepublican

• Economy
• Reaganomics tax cut (tried to decrease size of
  govt)
• Stock Market plunge, 1987
• Foreign Policy
• Hostages released
• SDI initiative- outspend USSR
• Meets w/Gorbachev
• Domestic
• Iran-Contra scandal
• Political/legal
• 1st woman justice

58
George Bush, Sr.Republican

• Economy
• Americans with Disabilities act
• Foreign Policy
• Persian Gulf war
• Berlin Wall falls- Germans united
• USSR disintegrates
• Domestic
• War on Drugs
• Political/legal
• 27th Amendment- congressional pay raises take
  effect for next round of senators

59
Bill ClintonDemocrat

• Economy
• Welfare reform
• Foreign Policy
• NAFTA signed
• EU created
• Domestic
• WTC bombed

60
George W. Bush

• 9/11/2001 attack on WTC, the Pentagon,
  thwarted flight against the White House
• 3,000 Americans killed
• Created Dept. of Homeland Security
• Sent American forces into Afghanistan to break up
  Taliban
• Most controversial act invasion of Iraq
• To capture Saddam Hussein
• Hurricane Katrina (2005)