America Secedes From the Empire

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CHAPTER 8

• America Secedes From the Empire

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2nd CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

• Bloodshed at Lexington And Concord was a call to
  arms
• 2nd Continental Congress- May 10, 1775- all 13
  colonies
• New Appeals
• Raised money to create an army and navy
• George Washington was made commander of the army
• Established a group to write a Declaration of
  Independence
• Page 132

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1775-1776Curious War of Inconsistency

• Attempts to avoid war were unsuccessful
• May 1775- Ticonderoga- Ethan Allen and Benedict
  Arnold
• June 1775- Bunker Hill
• July 1775- Olive Branch Petition
• August 1775- The colonies were at rebellion-
  Treason
• Sept. 1775- Hessians

• Oct. 1775-Falmouth, Maine
• Winter 1775-Canada- Arnold and Montgomery
• June 1776- Norfolk, Va
• March 1776- Dorchester Heights- British evacuate
  Boston
• Spring and summer 1776- Colonial victories at
  Moores Creek Bridge and Charleston Landing

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COMMON SENSE

• Loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained
• Colonial unity was poor
• Open rebellion was dangerous
• Americans were shocked into backing Independence
• Burning of Norfolk and Falmouth
• The hiring of Hessians

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• 1776 Publication of Common Sense one of the
  most influential pamphlets ever written
• Author- Thomas Paine The Royal Brutes of
  Britain
• Paine and the idea of Republicanism
• Independence and the development of Republic
• Power should flow from the people
• Consent of the Governed
• Page 136-137

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• Self-government prepared the colonists well.
• Practiced Republicanism and democracy
• Absence of hereditary aristocracy
• Relative Equality- Land Ownership
• Citizen Virtue was a common idea
• Individuals needed to sacrifice their personal
  self interest for the public good
• Not all Patriots agrees- pgs 137-138

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• 2ND Continental Congress appointed a committee to
  prepare a formal statement of Separation.
• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• Approved by Congress. July 4th, 1776
• Pages 137-139

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PATRIOTS VS LOYALISTS

• Patriots (Whigs) not only fought the British, but
  also the Loyalists (Tories)
• Many colonists were apathetic or neutral
• Patriots and British fought for the allegiance
  and support of the civilian population
• A struggle for the hearts and minds of the people

• The British proved fatally inept. Pg 146
• Many families split over the issue- The
  Franklins
• Loyalists were about 16 of the population
• Educated, wealthy, and cultured- benefited from
  the ties with Britain
• 80,000 loyalist chose to leave the colonies
• 50,000 loyalists served the British
• BATTLE CHART ASSIG.

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REVOLUTION IN DIPLOMACY

• France was eager to inflame the quarrel in
  America.
• America badly needed help in their struggle
  against Britain.
• An alliance was born
• America had revolutionary ideas in internal
  affairs
• End colonialism and mercantilism
• Supported free trade and freedom of the seas
• Rule of law instead of brute power

• Continental Congress established a Model Treaty
  to guide American diplomats
• No Political Connection
• No Military Connection
• Only Commercial Connection
• The bonds of mutual commercial interests would
  guarantee peaceful relations among states
• Franklins actions in France

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THE PEACE AT PARIS

• After Yorktown, many Britons were weary of war
  and ready to come to terms.
• Three American peace negotiators gathered at
  Paris
• Ben Franklin
• John Adams
• John Jay

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THE PEACE AT PARIS

• Congress instructed them to make no separate
  peace and to consult the French at all times
• Both France and Spain wanted an independent
  America limited to east of the Appalachian Mts.
• France feared a strong America
• John Jay secretly negotiated with the English and
  quickly came to terms with the English in 1782.

• Treaty of Paris 1783
• Britain formally recognized the Independence of
  the United States
• Boundaries were set
• Mississippi River in the West
• Great Lakes to the north
• Spanish Florida to the south
• Share of fishing rights off of Newfoundland
• Loyalists were to be respected and lands restored
• All British debt would be paid.

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TREATY OF PARIS