?????a

1
?????aµµa ????p??es?a??? ?at??t?s?? ??a
?p???f???? ??pa?de?t????? ??s?? ??pa?de?s??
??pa?de?s?, ?at??t?s? ?a? ?pa??e?µat??? ???pt???
??pa?de?t????
??d??a? ??µ?t???? ?p?????? ?a?de?a? ?a?
????t?sµ?? ????? ??a t?? ?a??????e?a t??
???t???? S????? ap? t? ??µ?t??? µ???? t?
?a?ep?st?µ?? O ????? t?? ??pa?de?t????.

• ?????aµµat??? ?e???d?? 2007 2013
• ?pas????s?, ?????p??? ?ef??a?? ?a? ?????????
  S????? 2007 - 2013

?? ??G? S?G??????????????? ??? ?? ???O?????
????O???? ?????? ??S ?.?.
2
??????? S????

• OS F???????? ??S ??G??OS?S??? ??S ????????S ???
  ?????? ?OS ???????G?????
• ??????S ?????????

3
? ????????????S ????????

• ?a ap?fas?se? p?? ?a pa???s??se? t?? p????f???e?
  ??a ?a e??a? ?ata???t?? st??? µa??t?? t??.
• ?a ???µ?se? t? ??? t?? µa??µat?? ?ste ?? µa??t??
  ?a µp????? pa?a???????s???, ?a af?µ???s??? ?a? ?a
  eµped?s???.
• ?a d?asfa??se? ?t? ?? µa??t?? ????a????? p???
  st?? ?????e? ?a? t?? µe??d??? pa?a????? t??
  e?????? ?a? t?? ????? d?a??s?µe? ??a t? µ?????.
• ?a ??se? t? µ???µa st? ?st????? ?a? t?
  ep?st?µ??????? t?? p?a?s??.
• ?a s??t???ste? µe µa??t?? d?af??et????
  d??at?t?t??.

4
? ????????????S ?????? ?? G?O?????

• ??? e????eta? ? ???? ??a ?a ?ata???fe?, ?a
  ?ata??e?, ?a? ?a pa???e? ?????e? ?a? ?d?e?.
• ??? ?? d??at?t?te? a?t?? d?af???p?????ta? µe t??
  a??pt???.
• ???, ??at?, ?a? p?? d?af????? ?? ?????p?? µeta??
  t??? st?? p?? p??? d??at?t?te?.

5
??????S??S S??? ?

• G?OS???? ??????G??
• ??????
• ??T?S?
• G?OS????S ???????G??S S? ???G?????? ?????
• ?????S? ????O? G?OS?S (?. ?., ??T???????, F?S???)
• ???????
• ???S?????S?? ?O? ??????O? ???F??O?
• ???S?????S?? ??S ????????S
• ???S?????S?? ??? ????? ??? ??????

6
??????S??S S??? ?

• ?????????? ??????G??
• ??????
• S????? ????????S ???F???S S??? ???????S?
• ????G?????S ????S ??? ??????
• ???NO???? S?????? (VYGOTSKY)
• ???????
• ?????S? ?O? ??????S?O? ??T?S?S-??????G?S??S
• ???S?????S??S ????- ??? ????????O? ???F??O? S???
  ????????
• ???S?????S??S ??S S??S?S ?? ???G?????? ?????
  G?OS?S

7
??????S??S S??? ?

• ??????G?? ??????O? ???F??O?
• ??????
• ???G?OS? ?????S???S (IQ)
• ???????? S??????S ?????S?
• ???????
• ???????? ??S ???????????S ????????S (GUILDFORD,
  THURSTONE, GARNDER)
• ?????S? ?O? G?OS???O? ???????G?O?
• ????????

8
?????????S??

• ??? ?????? T?O??? G??
• ??? ????????????? ??? ???
• ??? ???????? ??? ???
• THN ????????????? ??S G?OS?S
• THN ???????? ??S G?OS?S
• THN ???????, ??T?S?, ??? ????S?????
• TA ???????-S????ST?????

9
????? ?at?????e? ????µ?? ??t??t?ta ????? ?? ?????
S??????S? ??t?- ?a?a???????s? ??t?-a?apa?astas? ??
t?-??e???? ??a????sµ??
?? ???????S?????? ?????????
?pe?s?d?a?? ????????s?
??te?est???? ??e????
??s? p??ß??µ?t??
??t???e????
???t??? µ??t??a
S???GOG? S?????S???O? ???GOG? ????GOG?
???????????? a??a??
?eta?apa-??stas?
10
??????OS? ????????O?d?asf???se ?t? ? d?af???
st?? ta??t?ta ?fe??eta? µ??? st? ß????
11
?e?t???? a?a????e?

• 1) ink pen paint - color, brush, paper.
• 2) bed sleep - paper, table, water ---
  eating, rain, book.
• 3) (children parents family) (students
  teachers - school, education, lesson)
• 4) (tail fish feed mammals) -
  movement, animals, vertebrates
  (propeller ship wheels car) -
  vehicles, transportation, carriers

12
?a?a?????? s????

• If animals live in a cage then they are not
  happy. The bird is happy gt the bird lives in
  the cage, the bird does not live in the cage,
  none of the two.
• If peacocks have more beautiful feathers than
  cocks and sparrows have more uglier feathers than
  peacocks gt sparrows have more beautiful
  feathers than peacocks, sparrows have more uglier
  feathers than peacocks, none of the two.
• If the bird is in the nest then it sings the
  bird sings gt the bird is not in the nest, the
  bird is in the nest, none of the two.
• If elephants are heavier than horses and if
  elephants are heavier than dogs gt horses are
  heavier than dogs, elephants are heavier than
  dogs, none of the two.

13
????e?sµ?? t??e??
14
??t?e? Raven
15
?a??µat??? s????

• ??????S
• 9 3 6
• (2 4) _at_ 2 6
• (3 2 _at_ 4) 3 7
• (3 3) 1 (12 _at_ 3) 2
• ?????G??S
• 6 12 8 ?
• 6 3 8 ?
• 3 9 6 ?
• 3 1 6 ?
• 6 8 9 ?
• 6 4 9 ?
• ??G????
• Specify x, given that x y 3 and y1
• Specify m given that m 3n 1 and n 4
• Specify x, given that x y z and x y z
  20).

16
Cognitive self-representation(scale 1 7)

• I make decisions quickly
• I learn fast
• I can easily remember a new phone number
• I can easily monitor (or change) my thoughts (or
  emotions etc.)
• I can easily see the relation between things
  which appear unrelated
• I immediately solve everyday problems involving
  numbers
• When something I use spoils, I try to think of
  all the possible reasons that might have caused
  it
• To find out which of my guesses is correct, I
  proceed to methodically consider each time only
  the things my guess proposes
• I retain a very clear picture of things
• I orient myself easily in a strange place if I am
  given instructions
• I understand easily the intentions of others
  before they express them
• I am interested in understanding others' problems

17
????d??state? a?a??????? s??se?? Ge???e?se??
?f???µ??a s?µpe??sµata
??sd??state? a?a??????? s??se?? ???
µetas??µat?sµ??
????d??state? a?a??????? s??se?? ?p???
µetas??µat?sµ??
18
??????? p???e? a? p t?te q, -p, a? p t?te q,
q,
??????? ?????a s?µpe??sµata ?? a? p t?te q,
-q, ??a p ??ßa?a s?µpe??sµata ????s? t??
p??t?se??
??????? ?????a s?µpe??sµata T? a? p t?te q, p,
??a q ??ßa?a s?µpe??sµata ?atafat???? p??t?se??
19
(No Transcript)
20
DOMAINS Infancy Core operators Preschool dual
representation Early childhood Logical
necessity Early adolescence suppositional
thought Late adolescence Principled
thought Early Adulthood Systematic thought
HYPER-COGNITION Implicit metarepresentation Thinki
ng as internal mental activity Stream of
consciousness and inner speech Constructive
nature of thought Differentiation between
different thought domains Differentiation between
processes and underlying rules
WM Infancy 1 Preschool 2 Early childhood
3 Early adolescence 4 Late adolescence 5
Episodic integration
Executive control
Problem solving
Self-awareness
Mental models
INFERENCE Analogy by similarity Implicit
reasoning Modus ponens Modus tolens Fallacies
Conceptual change
Meta-representation

• General developmental trends

21
?????????? ???S???

• 0-2 ???????????, ??????????
• T??????O??S F?S??? ??? ??????G??
• 3-4 ????? ???????S??S?
• T?O??? ???, ??????S? F???????????-???G???????,
  ???????S? ??? ????? ?O? S?????O?
• 7-8 ??G??? ???G????????
• ???????S? ?O? ???????S?????O? ???????????S?O?,
  S?G????????? ?????S?
• 12-13 ????S??
• S???? G?? ?? ??????, ???????????? ??S???
• 24-26 ??????????????, ????T?O???
• ???S??????G??? ???S?GG?S? S?? G?OS?, S???????
  ??S??T?O???

22
??????S??? ????????S

• ????-???????S??S?
• ?a?a???? ?a? ???s? ???? a?apa?ast?se?? d?a t??
  t??p?p???s??, s?s??t?s??, d?as??des??,
  s?????e?s?? t?? ?pa????s?? a?apa?ast?se??.
• S?µß???sµ?? ??apa??stas? t?? a?apa?ast?se??
  (p.?., ???ssa, µa??µat??? s?µß??a, ??a p??s?p???
  ???t??? µ??t??a, ???t????? ?a???e?, ??p.)

23
????-???????S?????? G???S? ??? F?S???? ???T???

• 1.0, 1.1, ..1,9 2, 2.1, 2.9 3,
  31,, 3,9 4, 4.1, 4,9, 5, ?pe???
• 1 lt 2 lt 3 lt 4 lt . . .
• 1 2 3 4 .
  . .
• ??a d?? t??a t?sse?a

24
???pt??? t?? µa??µat???? s?????
0-2 ??p?a?? ?eµe???d? µa??µat???, e??????? ??d???p???s?, ?at? p??s????s? e?t?µ?se?? ??t???pt??? a???µ?s? 1 1 2
2-3 ???t?-p?s?t??? s??µata. ??f??? t?? a???????a? t?? a???µ?t???? ???µ?t??, ap???te? ???se?? (???a, p????), µ???d??state? s?????se?? (????te?a, pe??ss?te?a)
3-4 S??t???sµ?? p??t?-p?s?t???? s??µ?t??. S??µa a???s??-µe??s?? µe a???µ?s? gt ap???t?? ta?t???? a???µ??
5-6 ??astas??p???s? t?? p?s?t???? s??µ?t??. S??µa a???s??-µe??s?? a???µ?s? ap???t?? ta?t???? a???µ?? d?at???s?
25
???pt??? t?? µa??µat???? s?????
7-9 S??t???sµ?? p?s?t???? d?ast?se??. ??astas??p???s? t?? p?a?µat???t?ta? (µ????, ß????, ??p.) 8 ? 3 5 ?a? a 5 8 ????µ?s? ???? gt s??e??? a???µ?s?
10-12 S???ete? µa??µat???? d?µ?? 2 / 4 x ? 8 ??e? x, a? x ? 3, ? 1
13-14 S??t???sµ?? s???et?? µa??µat???? d?µ?? ???? e??a? µe?a??te??, 4/5 ? 7/8 ??e? µ, a? µ 3? 1 ? 4
15-16 ???t?a s???et?? µa??µat???? d?µ?? . ??e? x, a? x ? z ?a? x ? z 20 ??te ?s??e? ?t? L M N L P N
26
S?????? ep?d?s? se s????t?s? µe t?? ta??t?ta,
t?? e??a??µe?? µ??µ? ?a? t? s??????sµ?
(Gf)(?????a 7 to 12)
27
S?????? ep?d?s? se s????t?s? µe t?? ta??t?ta,
s??????sµ? (Gf), IQ, ?a? t?? a?t?-a?apa??stas?(??
???a 10 to 18)
28
?? ??G???? S????? ??S ???????S

1. ?p??t?s? a?? ped?? e?e?d??e?µ???? ???se?? ?a?
   de???t?t?? p?? ta???????? st?? ???e f?s?
2. ????d?µ?s? ?e????? µ??a??sµ?? s????? ?a? ??s??
   p??ß??µ?t??
3. ?a?µ?a?a ?ata???s? t?? ?st?????? ?a?
   ep?st?µ???????? s?et???t?ta? t?? ???s?? ?a? t??
   ??????????, p???t????, ?a? ??????µ???? t??
   d?ast?se??
4. S?f? ?a? ????sµ??? a?t?d?a?e???s? ?? p??? t??
   ??sµ? p?? ?d??e? se d?µ????????? ?a? e?t??e??
   ep?????? ???? p?? e?a?µ??????? t?? p??s?p????
   ???se?? µe t?? ?????????? ?a? ?st?????? a????e?

29
?????????? ???S??? ??? ???????

• 0-2 ???????????, ??????????
• T??????O??S F?S??? ??? ??????G?? ???a??µ???
  e?e?e???s? p?? ?aµß??e? ?p??? t?? ast??e?a t??
  p??s????
• 3-4 ????? ???????S??S?
• T?O??? ???, ??????S? F???????????-???G???????,
  ???????S? ??? ????? ?O? S?????O? ?s??s? st??
  p???ap??t?ta t?? ap??e?? ?a? t?? p??se???se??
• 7-8 ??G??? ???G????????
• ???????S? ?O? ???????S?????O? ???????????S?O?,
  S?G????????? ?????S? ?s??s? st?? a????e?a?t?se??
  t?? a?apa?ast?se??
• 12-13 ????S??
• S???? G?? ?? ??????, ???????????? ??S???
  µeta-a?apa??stas? t?? a?apa??stas??
• 24-26 ??????????????, ????T?O???
• ???S??????G??? ???S?GG?S? S?? G?OS?, S???????
  ??S??T?O??? ?s??s? st?? ep?st?µ?????
  s?et???t?ta.

30
??????? ??? ?????

1. ????????? d?µ??, ???t???? p???e??, ?a???e?,
   ???se?? p??pe? ?a as????ta? a?? ped??.
2. ? ap? ped?? se ped?? ?e???e?s? de? e??a?
   a?t????t? ?a? de? ??e???eta? p??ta. ?ta? de?
   e??a? a???ß?? ? ?at?????? d?µ?????e? pa?a???se??.
3. ? ???s? ?pe?ßa??e? ta ped?a. ? ????d?µ?s? t??
   s??se?? p??pe? ?a ???e? s?st?µat??? ?ste ?a
   ?e?t?????se? ? µeta-a?apa?astat??? ???es? ?e?????
   µ??a??sµ?? a????s?? ?a? ??s?? p??ß??µ?t?? ?a? ?
   ep?st?µ??????? e??µe??t?ta ??a t??
   a????e?a?t?se?? t?? d?af??et???? d?ast?se?? t??
   p?a?µat???t?ta? ?a? t?? ???s??.

31
???????? ??????G?S??S ??? ???????

1. ? s??s? d?a??s?µ?? d??aµ???? epe?e??as?a? ?a?
   apa?t?se?? t?? e?????? ? t?? p??ß??µ?t?? e??a? ?
   ???s?µ? pa??µet??? ??a t? µ???s?.
2. St?? s?????? a?apt???a?? ?????, ? d??ta?? t??
   ???? st? a?a??t??? p????aµµa p??pe? ?a s?ßeta? t?
   s??s? a?t?.
3. St?? p??s?p??? ?a? s?????? µ????-?????, ??de??
   ?e?t????e? st? ???st? t?? ep?ped? s??e???--p???
   pe??ss?te?? st?? a???--?a? se ?aµ?a s?????? t???
   ?? µa??t?? de? ß??s???ta? st? ?d?? ep?ped?.
   S??ep??, ? ?a???a? p??pe? ?a p??se????eta? a??
   p?sa st??µ? µe ??a f?sµa e?????? ? p??ß??µ?t??
   p?? a??????? ?aµ???te?a ?a? ?ata?????? ???? p??
   p??? ap? t? ???st? ep?ped? t?? ??a t? ped??.

32
?S??S? ??? ??????S????? ???G???

1. ?a pa?a??????e?? ?a? ?a ??e?? s??????? e????a t??
   epe?e??as?a?.
2. ?a ?ata???fe?? t? ??? t?? p????f???a? ?a? ?a t?
   f?es???e?? ?s? ??e???eta?.
3. ?a ????a??e?? p??? se p??a? t?? e??? ?????
   ta?t?????a (p.?., µe e?a??a??? µeta??
   s?µp?e?µ?t?? p????f???a?).
4. ?a s??d?e?? µ???de? s?µf??a µe t?? e?d?? ?a? t??
   ????? t?? pa???s?as??.
5. ?a a?ast???e?? t?? p??s??? s?? se ?s?ete?
   p????f???e?.

33
??????? ???????, S??????S??S, ??? ???????

1. ? d?ad??as?a ????d?µ?s?? p??pe? ?a e??a? epa????
   ?ate?????µe?? ??a t?? ?a???a.
2. ? d?µ??????a e?a??a?t???? µ??t???? ??a ???e
   ?????a ?a? ???e p??ß??µa e??a? pa?de?a e??a? t?
   ??t??µe?? t?? ???t???? s?????.
3. ? ??d???p???s?, ep?????, s???es?, ?p??ßas?, ?a? ?
   µeta-a?apa?astat??? t?p?p???s? t?? µ??t????
   st????e? ?a? p????e? t?? a??pt???.

34
??????? S????

• ???a? µ?a d?ad??as?a ??a
• ??? a???????s? ?s????sµ??,
• ??? ?a????sµ? t?? a? ta s?µpe??sµata a?????????
  ?????? ap? t?? µa?t???e?,
• ?? ?e???s? e?a??a?t???? e????se?? ? µ??t???? ?a?
  t? s??des? t?? ?a?e??? µe t?? d???? t??
  ?p?st????t???? µa?t???e? ?a? t? ?????? te?µ????s?
  .
• ?????t?s? µ?a? ??s??, st? ß?s? t?? µa?t????? ?a?
  t?? s?et???? ep??e???µat?????a?.
• S??ep??
• ? ???t??? s???? st????eta? st? ?????? a????s? p??
  s???p???e? µe t?? e???t?ta ???, t?? a???? t??
  aµf?ß???a? ?a? µ?a st??ast???, e??t?µat??? st?s?.
  ??t? ?a??d??e?ta? ap? pa?ade?t?? ?e???e? ?
  pep????se?? ?a? e?µ??e?t??? p?a?s?a p?? ?µ?? ta
  ?d?a ?p??e??ta? se a?a?e???s?, a? ?? µa?t???e? ?
  ? a????s? t? ?pa???e?s???. ? ep?st?µ???????
  e?s??e?d?s?a e??a? ßas??? s?stat??? t?? ???t????
  s?????

35
????S ????????G???S ????G?S S??? ????????S?

1. ? ??a ep?st?µ????? ???s? s???? s??????eta? µe t?
   ???s? p?? p?????eta? ap? t?? p??s?p??? eµpe??a ?
   t??? ??????. S??ep??, ? d?das?a??a p??pe? ?a
   d?????se? ? ?a e?t?p?se? t?? p??s?p??? ? t??
   ?a??µe???? ???s?. ???pe? ?a ???eta? fa?e?? t?
   p?e????t?µa t?? ??a? ???s?? se s??s? µe t??
   pa???.
2. ? µ???s? st? s???e?? e??a? p??s?et??? ?a?
   e?t???sseta? ??a p???? ?????a. S??ep?? ?? ?????e?
   p?? ????d?µ???ta? se µ?a ded?µ??? t???
   e?te????ta? ? s??d???ta? µe ???e? s?et????
   ?????e? st?? t??e?? p?? a?????????.
3. ? ???s? a????e? ?? ap?t??esµa t?? ????
   a?a?a???e?? st?? ep?st?µ?. S??ep?? ???s? p??
   pa???s???eta? ?? ???? se µ?a ded?µ??? st??µ?
   µp??e? ?a aµf?sf?t??e? st? µ????? ap? t? ?d?? t?
   s???e??.
4. G??s? ??a ta ?d?a fa???µe?a µp??e? ?a d?af??e?
   µeta?? ep?st?µ??.

36
???S?GG?S? ??S ??????S ??? ?? ?????????? OS

1. ??µ? t? pe???aµß??e?, ?p?? e??a? ta fte?? t??
   p?????? ? t?? ae??p?????.
2. ?e?t?????a p???? e??a? ? s??p?? t??, p.?., ?
   ????s?.
3. ??ad??as?a p?? ?e?t????e?, p.?., t? p?ta?µa t??
   p?????? ? ? p?????s? t?? ae??p?????.

37
?S??S? S?? ??G??? S????

1. ????e t? d?ad?a?as?a s?µpe?asµ?? ap? t? p?a?s?? ?
   t? pe??e??µe??.
2. ??af???p???se t? d?ad?a?as?a s?µpe?asµ?? ap? t???
   ???????? t?p???.
3. ???s?µ?p???se ??e?? µ??t??a ??a t??? s??p??? t??
   s?µpe?asµ?? ?a? t?? ??????? s?????.
4. ???s?µ?p???se t? µeta-a?apa??stas? ??a ?a
   a?t?µat?p???se?? t? s?µpe?asµ? ?a? t? ??????
   s????.

38
???????G??? ??S ????GOG???S S????S
?a p????? pet??? ?a p?????
pet??? ?a
B ?????? ?. ?a pe??st???a e??a?
p?????. ?? st???????µ???? e??a? p????? .
?a A e??a? ? . ??a ?a pe??st???a pet???.
?? st???????µ???? pet???.
?a A ?????? ?.
39
S??????S? ??? ???????

1. G????se t??? pe?????sµ??? epe?e??as?a? t??
   e?????? ?a? t?? p??ß??µ?t??.
2. G????se t?? ?µ???t?te? ?a? t?? d?af???? t??
   t??p?? ??s?? ?a? a????s?? d?af??et????
   p??ß??µ?t?? a?? ped??.
3. G????se t?? d???? s?? d??at?t?te? ?a? ad??aµ?e?
   ?? p??? ??e? t?? d?ast?se?? ?a? ta ped?a.
4. ?ata???se ?t? e?sa? pa?a????? s????? ?a? t?
   ßas??? s?? e??a?e?? e??a? ? µeta-a?apa??stas?
   µeta-a?apa??st?se t?? µeta-a?apa??stas?