Bio%20226:%20Cell%20and%20Molecular%20Biology

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Mineral Nutrition Studied by soil-free culture in
nutrient solutions
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• Mineral Nutrition
• Studied by soil-free culture in nutrient
  solutions Hoaglands is best known

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil-free culture
• Sand culture dont really control nutrients

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil-free culture
• Sand culture dont really control nutrients
• Hydroponics immerse roots in nutrient solution

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil-free culture
• Sand culture dont really control nutrients
• Hydroponics immerse roots in nutrient solution
• Rapidly deplete nutrients O2 alter pH

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil-free culture
• Sand culture dont really control nutrients
• Hydroponics immerse roots in nutrient solution
• Rapidly deplete nutrients O2 alter pH
• Slanted film maintains nutrients O2

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil-free culture
• Sand culture
• Hydroponics immerse roots in nutrient solution
• Slanted film maintains nutrients O2
• Aeroponics sprays nutrient solution on roots

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS
• CHOPNS make biopolymers

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• N deficiency
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• P deficiency
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• S deficiency
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS
• CHOPNS make biopolymers
• K makes turgor, enzyme cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• CHOPKNS
• Ca signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• Ca signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe cofactor
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients
• Ca signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe cofactor
• Mg cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients CHOPKNSCaFeMg
• Ca signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe cofactor
• Mg cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Macronutrients CHOPKNSCaFeMgBNaCl
• Ca signaling, middle lamella, cofactor
• Fe cofactor
• Mg cofactor
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Micronutrients BNaCl
• B cell elongation. NA metabolism
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Micronutrients BNaCl
• B cell elongation. NA metabolism
• Na PEP regeneration in C4, K substitute
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Micronutrients BNaCl
• B cell elongation. NA metabolism
• Na PEP regenerationin C4, K substitute
• Cl water-splitting, osmotic balance
• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Micronutrients BNaCl others include Cu, Zn, Mn
• B cell elongation. NA metabolism
• Na PEP regeneration, K substitute
• Cl water-splitting, osmotic balance
• Cu cofactor
• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

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Mineral Nutrition Commercial fertilizers mainly
supply NPK
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• Plant food
• 2.6 ammoniacal nitrogen
• 4.4 nitrate nitrogen
• 9 phosphorus
• 5 potassium
• calcium (2)
• magnesium (0.5)
• sulfur (0.05)
• boron (0.02)
• chlorine (0.1)
• cobalt (0.0015)
• copper (0.05)
• iron (0.1)
• manganese (0.05)
• molybdenum (0.0009)
• nickel (0.0001)
• sodium (0.10)
• zinc (0.05)

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil nutrients
• Amounts availability vary
• PSU extension Text

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil nutrients
• Amounts availability vary
• Many are immobile, eg P, Fe

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil nutrients
• Amounts availability vary
• Many are immobile, eg P, Fe
• Mobile nutrients come with soil H2O

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Soil nutrients
• Amounts availability vary
• Many are immobile, eg P, Fe
• Mobile nutrients come with soil H2O
• Immobiles must be mined
• Root hairs get close

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Immobile nutrients must be mined
• Root hairs get close
• Mycorrhizae get closer

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Immobile nutrients must be mined
• Root hairs get close
• Mycorrhizae get closer
• Solubility varies w pH

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Solubility varies w pH
• 5.5 is best compromise

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Solubility varies w pH
• 5.5 is best compromise
• Plants alter pH _at_ roots to
• aid uptake

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Nutrients in soil
• Plants alter pH _at_ roots to aid uptake
• Also use symbionts
• Mycorrhizal fungi help especially with P

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Also use symbionts
• Mycorrhizal fungi help especially with P
• P travels poorly fungal hyphae are longer
  thinner

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Also use symbionts
• Mycorrhizal fungi help especially with P
• P travels poorly fungal hyphae are longer
  thinner
• Fungi give plants nutrients

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Also use symbionts
• Mycorrhizal fungi help especially with P
• P travels poorly fungal hyphae are longer
  thinner
• Fungi give plants nutrients
• Plants feed them sugar

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Also use symbionts
• Mycorrhizal fungi help especially with P
• P travels poorly fungal hyphae are longer
  thinner
• Fungi give plants nutrients
• Plants feed them sugar
• Ectomycorrhizae surround root only trees, esp.
  conifers

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Ectomycorrhizae surround root only trees, esp.
  conifers
• release nutrients into apoplast to be taken up
  by roots

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Ectomycorrhizae surround root trees
• release nutrients into apoplast to be taken up by
  roots
• Endomycorrhizae invade root cells
  Vesicular/Arbuscular
• Most angiosperms, especially in nutrient-poor
  soils

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• Mineral Nutrition
• Endomycorrhizae invade root cells
  Vesicular/Arbuscular
• Most angiosperms, especially in nutrient-poor
  soils
• May deliver nutrients into symplast

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• Rhizosphere
• Endomycorrhizae invade root cells
  Vesicular/Arbuscular
• Most angiosperms, especially in nutrient-poor
  soils
• May deliver nutrients into symplast
• Or may release them when arbuscule dies

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• Rhizosphere
• Endomycorrhizae invade root cells
  Vesicular/Arbuscular
• Most angiosperms, especially in nutrient-poor
  soils
• Deliver nutrients into symplast or release them
  when arbuscule dies
• Also find bacteria, actinomycetes, protozoa
  associated with root surface rhizosphere

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• Rhizosphere
• Also find bacteria, actinomycetes, protozoa
  associated with root surface rhizosphere
• Plants feed them lots of C!

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• Rhizosphere
• Also find bacteria, actinomycetes, protozoa
  associated with root surface rhizosphere
• Plants feed them lots of C!
• They help make nutrients available

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• Rhizosphere
• Also find bacteria, actinomycetes, protozoa
  associated with root surface rhizosphere
• Plants feed them lots of C!
• They help make nutrients available
• N-fixing bacteria supply N to many plant spp

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• Nutrient uptake
• Most nutrients are dissolved in water

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• Nutrient uptake
• Most nutrients are dissolved in water
• Enter root through apoplast until hit endodermis

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• Nutrient uptake
• Most nutrients are dissolved in water
• Enter root through apoplast until hit endodermis
• Then must cross plasma membrane

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Crossing membranes A) Diffusion through bilayer
B) Difusion through protein pore C)
Facilitated diffusion D) Active transport E) Bulk
transport 1) Exocytosis 2) Endocytosis
Selective
Active
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• Nutrient uptake
• Then must cross plasma membrane
• Gases, small uncharged non-polar molecules
  diffuse

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• Nutrient uptake
• Then must cross plasma membrane
• Gases, small uncharged non-polar molecules
  diffuse
• down their ?
• Important for CO2, auxin NH3 transport

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• Nutrient uptake
• Then must cross plasma membrane
• Gases, small uncharged non-polar molecules
  diffuse
• down their ?
• Polar chems must go through proteins!

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Selective Transport 1) Channels integral membrane
proteins with pore that specific ions diffuse
through
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• Selective Transport
• 1) Channels
• integral membrane proteins with pore that
  specific ions diffuse through
• depends on size
• charge

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• Channels
• integral membrane proteins with pore
• that specific ions diffuse through
• depends on size charge
• O in selectivity filter bind
• ion (replace H2O)

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• Channels
• integral membrane proteins with pore
• that specific ions diffuse through
• depends on size charge
• O in selectivity filter bind
• ion (replace H2O)
• only right one fits

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• Channels
• O in selectivity filter bind
• ion (replace H2O)
• only right one fits
• driving force?
• electrochemical D

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Channels driving force electrochemical
D non-saturable
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Channels driving force electrochemical
D non-saturable regulate by opening closing
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Channels regulate by opening closing ligand-gate
d channels open/close when bind specific chemicals
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Channels ligand-gated channels open/close when
bind specific chemicals Stress-activated channels
open/close in response to mechanical stimulation
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Channels Stress-activated channels open/close in
response to mechanical stimulation voltage-gated
channels open/close in response to changes in
electrical potential
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• Channels
• Old model S4 slides up/down
• Paddle model S4 rotates

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• Channels
• Old model S4 slides up/down
• Paddle model S4 rotates
• 3 states
• Closed
• Open
• Inactivated

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Selective Transport 1) Channels 2) Facilitated
Diffusion (carriers) Carrier binds molecule
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Selective Transport Facilitated Diffusion
(carriers) Carrier binds molecule carries it
through membrane releases it inside
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Selective Transport Facilitated Diffusion
(carriers) Carrier binds molecule carries it
through membrane releases it inside driving
force ?
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Selective Transport Facilitated Diffusion
(carriers) Carrier binds molecule carries it
through membrane releases it inside driving
force ? Important for sugar transport
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Selective Transport Facilitated Diffusion
(carriers) Characteristics 1) saturable 2)
specific 3) passive transports down ?
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Selective Transport 1) Channels 2) Facilitated
Diffusion (carriers) Passive transport should
equalize Nothing in a plant cell is at
equilibrium!
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Selective Transport Passive transport should
equalize Nothing in a plant cell is at
equilibrium! Solution use energy to transport
specific ions against their ?
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• Active Transport
• Integral membrane proteins
• use energy to transport specific ions against
  their ?
• allow cells to concentrate some chemicals,
  exclude others

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Active Transport Characteristics 1) saturable
102-104 molecules/s
105-106 ions/s
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Active Transport Characteristics 1) saturable 2)
specific
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Active Transport Characteristics 1) saturable 2)
specific 3) active transport up ? (or ? Em)
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• 4 classes of Active transport ATPase proteins
• 1) P-type ATPases (P phosphorylation)
• Na/K pump
• Ca pump in ER PM
• H pump in PM
• pumps H out of cell

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• 4 classes of Active transport ATPase proteins
• 1) P-type ATPases (P phosphorylation)
• 2) V-type ATPases (V vacuole)
• H pump in vacuoles

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• 4 classes of Active transport ATPase proteins
• 1) P-type ATPases (P phosphorylation)
• 2) V-type ATPases (Vvacuole)
• 3) F-type ATPases (F factor) a.k.a. ATP
  synthases
• mitochondrial ATP synthase
• chloroplast ATP synthase

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• 4 classes of Active transport ATPase proteins
• 1) P-type ATPases (P phosphorylation)
• 2) V-type ATPases (V vacuole)
• 3) F-type ATPases (F factor)
• 4) ABC ATPases (ABC ATP Binding Cassette)
• multidrug resistance proteins

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• 4 classes of Active transport ATPase proteins
• 1) P-type ATPases (P phosphorylation)
• 2) V-type ATPases (V vacuole)
• 3) F-type ATPases (F factor)
• 4) ABC ATPases (ABC ATP Binding Cassette)
• multidrug resistance proteins
• pump hydrophobic drugs out of cells
• very broad specificity

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Secondary active transport Uses ? created by
active transport to pump something else across a
membrane against its ?
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Secondary active transport Uses ? created by
active transport to pump something else across a
membrane against its ? Symport both
substances pumped same way
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Secondary active transport Uses ? created by
active transport to pump something else across a
membrane against its ? Symport both
substances pumped same way Antiport substances
pumped opposite ways
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Secondary active transport Uses ? created by
active transport to pump something else across a
membrane against its ? Symport both
substances pumped same way Antiport substances
pumped opposite ways
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• Rhizosphere
• Ectomycorrhizae surround root
• Endomycorrhizae invade root cells
  Vesicular/Arbuscular
• Also find bacteria, actinomycetes, protozoa
  associated with root surface rhizosphere
• Chemicals that harm rhizosphere microbes harm
  plants!

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• Rhizosphere
• Ectomycorrhizae surround root
• Endomycorrhizae invade root cells
  Vesicular/Arbuscular
• Also find bacteria, actinomycetes, protozoa
  associated with root surface rhizosphere
• Chemicals that harm rhizosphere microbes harm
  plants!
• Root-microbe interactions help take up
  rhizosphere metals

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• Nutrient uptake
• Most nutrients are dissolved in water
• Enter root through apoplast until hit endodermis
• Then must cross plasma membrane

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Crossing membranes A) Diffusion through bilayer
B) Difusion through protein pore C)
Facilitated diffusion D) Active transport E) Bulk
transport 1) Exocytosis 2) Endocytosis
Selective
Active
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• 4 classes of Active transport ATPase proteins
• 1) P-type ATPases (P phosphorylation)
• 2) V-type ATPases (V vacuole)
• 3) F-type ATPases (F factor)
• 4) ABC ATPases (ABC ATP Binding Cassette)
• multidrug resistance proteins

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Secondary active transport Uses ? created by
active transport to pump something else across a
membrane against its ? Symport both
substances pumped same way Antiport substances
pumped opposite ways
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Nutrient uptake Gases enter/exit by diffusion
down their ?
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Nutrient uptake Gases enter/exit by diffusion
down their ? Ions vary dramatically!
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Nutrient uptake Ions vary dramatically! H is
actively pumped out of cell by P-type H -ATPase
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Nutrient uptake Ions vary dramatically H is
actively pumped out of cell by P-type H
-ATPase and into vacuole by V-type ATPase PPase
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• Nutrient uptake
• H is actively pumped out of cell by P-type H
  -ATPase
• and into vacuole by V-type ATPase PPase
• Main way plants make membrane potential (?Em)!

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• Nutrient uptake
• H is actively pumped out of cell by P-type H
  -ATPase
• and into vacuole by V-type ATPase PPase
• Main way plants make membrane potential (?Em)!
• Used for many kinds of transport!

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Nutrient uptake Many ions are imported by
multiple transporters with varying affinities
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• Nutrient uptake
• Many ions are imported by multiple transporters
  with varying affinities
• K diffuses through channels down ?Em low
  affinity

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• Nutrient uptake
• Many ions are imported by multiple transporters
  with varying affinities
• K diffuses through channels down ?Em low
  affinity
• Also taken up by H symporters high affinity

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• Nutrient uptake
• Many ions are imported by multiple transporters
  with varying affinities
• K diffuses through channels down ?Em low
  affinity
• Also taken up by H symporters high affinity
• Low affinity is cheaper
• but less effective

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Nutrient uptake K diffuses through channels down
?Em low affinity Also taken up by H symporters
high affinity Low affinity is cheaper but less
effective some channels also transport Na
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Nutrient uptake K diffuses through channels down
?Em low affinity Also taken up by H symporters
high affinity Low affinity is cheaper but less
effective some channels also transport Na why
Na slows K uptake?
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Nutrient uptake K diffuses through channels down
?Em low affinity Also taken up by H symporters
high affinity Low affinity is cheaper but less
effective some channels also transport Na why
Na slows K uptake? Na is also expelled by H
antiport
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Nutrient uptake Ca2 is expelled by P-type
ATPases in PM
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• Nutrient uptake
• Ca2 is expelled by P-type ATPases in PM
• pumped into vacuole ER by H antiport P-type

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• Nutrient uptake
• Ca2 is expelled by P-type ATPases in PM
• pumped into vacuole ER by H antiport P-type
• enters cytosol via gated channels

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• Nutrient uptake
• PO43-, SO42-, Cl- NO3-
• enter by H symport

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• Nutrient uptake
• PO43-, SO42-, Cl- NO3- enter by H symport
• also have anion transporters of ABC type

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• Nutrient uptake
• PO43-, SO42-, Cl- NO3- enter by H symport
• also have anion transporters of ABC type
• and anion channels

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• Nutrient uptake
• PO43-, SO42-, Cl- NO3- enter by H symport
• also have anion transporters of ABC type
• and anion channels
• Plants take up N many ways

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many ways NO3- NH4 are
  main forms

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many other ways
• NO3- also by channels
• NH3 by diffusion
• NH4 by carriers

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many other ways
• NO3- by channels
• NH3 by diffusion
• NH4 by carriers
• NH4 by channels

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many other ways
• 3 families of H symporters take up amino acids

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many other ways
• 3 families of H symporters take up amino acids
• Also have many peptide transporters
• some take up di- tri-
• peptides by H symport

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many other ways
• 3 families of H symporters take up amino acids
• Also have many peptide transporters
• some take up di- tri-
• peptides by H symport
• others take up tetra-
• penta-peptides by H symport

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many other ways
• 3 families of H symporters take up amino acids
• Also have many peptide transporters
• some take up di- tri-
• peptides by H symport
• others take up tetra-
• penta-peptides by H symport
• Also have ABC transporters
• that import peptides

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• Nutrient uptake
• Plants take up N many other ways
• 3 families of H symporters take up amino acids
• Also have many peptide transporters
• some take up di- tri-
• peptides by H symport
• others take up tetra-
• penta-peptides by H symport
• Also have ABC transporters
• that import peptides
• N is vital!
• NO3- NH4 are main forms

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• Nutrient uptake
• Metals are taken up by ZIP proteins by ABC
  transporters
• same protein may import Fe, Zn Mn!

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Nutrient uptake Much is coupled to pH gradient
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Nutrient transport in roots Move from soil to
endodermis in apoplast
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Nutrient transport in roots Move from soil to
endodermis in apoplast Move from endodermis to
xylem in symplast
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Nutrient transport in roots Move from endodermis
to xylem in symplast Transported into xylem by H
antiporters
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Nutrient transport in roots Move from endodermis
to xylem in symplast Transported into xylem by H
antiporters, channels
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Nutrient transport in roots Transported into
xylem by H antiporters, channels,pumps
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Nutrient transport in roots Transported into
xylem by H antiporters, channels,pumps Lowers
xylem water potential -gt root pressure
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Water Transport Passes water nutrients to
xylem Ys of xylem makes root pressure Causes
guttation pumping water into shoot
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Transport to shoot Nutrients move up plant in
xylem sap
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Nutrient transport in leaves Xylem sap moves
through apoplast Leaf cells take up what they
want