WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO

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WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO IN A RESEARCH?
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THIS IS WHAT WE CALL ETHICS IN RESEARCH
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Etika dan penyelidik Penyelidik sebagai
individu bermula dan berakhir dengan
penyelidik penyelidikan yang BERetika takes
longer to complete, cost more money, is more
complicated, and is more likely to be terminated
before its completion.
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Why unethical? Pressure, gain prestige, impress
people and many more.
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Scientific misconduct What is it? Fraud and
plagiarim. Scientific misconduct occurs when a
reseaRcher falsifies or distorts the data or
methods of data collection or plagariaszes the
work of others. What is reseaRch fraud? Fake or
invent data that were not really collected or
falsely reports how reseaRch was conducted
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Plagiarism? Steals the ideas or writing of others
or uses them without citing the source
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Power relationship between the researcher and
subjects oR assistAnt involve power and trust.
There should not be abuse of power and trust by
the researcher on the subjects or assistant
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Etika berhubung subjek kajian physical harm
should not cause physical harm. Anticipate risk
before the conduct of research. Screened high
risk subjects if stress is involved. Should
accept moral and legal responsibility for injury
due to participation in research and should
terminate the project immediately if yOu cant
guarantee the safety of the participants.
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psychological abuse you may place people in
stressful, embarasSing, anxiety producing or
unpleasant situations. Should never create
unnecessary stress beyond the minimal amount
needed to create the dEsired effect, stress that
has no direct, legitimate reseaRch
purpose.KNowing the minimal amount comes with
experience
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legal jeopardy Protecting subjects from
increases risk of arrest especially when you want
to study criminal Observing illegal behavior may
be central to a research project. If you supply
information to the authority, you violate ethical
standards regarding research subjects and
undermine future research.
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Other harm to subjects Like asking to recall
unpleasant events. Negative effect on their
careers and incomes. Like you make a study and
found out the supervisors performance are poor.
As a result, he may loose his job or get a pay
cut.
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Deception Never force anyone to participate and
do not lie unless it is required for legitimate
research reasons. Deception may increase mistrust
and diminish public respect.
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Informed Consent A fundamental ethical
principle of social research is NEVER COERCE
anyone to participate. It should be voluntary.
Subjects should be explained so they can make
informed decisions
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Content of informed consent
1. A brief description of purpose and procedures or research including expected duration of the study
2. A statement of any risk or discomfort associated with participation
3. A guarantee of anonymity and the confidentiality of records
4. The identification of the researcher and of where to receive information about subject rights or questions about the study
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5. A statement of participation is completely voluntary and can be terminated at anytime without penalty
6. A statement of alternative procedures that may be used
7. A statement of any benefits or compensation provided to subjects and the number of subjects involved
8. An offer to provide a summary of findings
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Privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality Privacy
can be violated to a minimal degree for a
legitimate research purpose. Protect the
information on research subjects form public
disclosure.
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Anonymity Anonymity means subject remain
anonymous and nameless. Protect privacy by not
disclosing a subjects identity after information
is gathered. Discard the name and address as soon
as you complete data collection and refer the
subjects by code number. You withheld the name.
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Confidentiality Even if anonymity is not
possible, confidentiality should be protected.
Anonymity protects the identity of specific
individuals. Confidentiality means keeping it
secret from the public. The information may have
names attached to it. The information is not
released In a way that permits linking......
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Etika dan komuniti saintifik Basic principles of
Ethical social Research based on UN Declaration
of Human Rights 1948 and 1964 Declaration of
Helsinki.
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1. Ethical responsibility rest with the individual researcher
2. Do not exploit subjects or students for personal gain
3. Some form of informed consent is highly recommended or required
4. Honor all guarantee of privacy, anonymity, confidentiality
5. Do not coerce or humiliate subjects
6. Use deception only if needed and always accompany it with debriefing
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7. Use research method that is appropriate for the topic
8. Detect and remove undesirable consequences to research subjects
9. Anticipate the repercussions of the research or publication of results
10. Identify the sponsor who funded the research
11. Cooperate with host nation when doing comparative study
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12. Release the details of the study design with the results
13. Make the interpretation of results consistent with the data
14. Use high methodological standards and strive for accuracy
15. Do not conduct secret research
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Etika and pembiayaan penyelidikan you may be
asked to compromise ethical or professional
research standards as a condition of getting
grants. What do you do? You have 3 choices (1)
loyalty to the organization or larger group cave
in to the sponsor (2) exit from the situation
quit, (3) voice opposition whistle-blower
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Arriving at particular findings directly or
indirectly you are asked to come up with the
desired findings. What will you do?
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Limit on how to conduct studies. Can a sponsor
limit research by defining what can be studied or
by limiting the techniques used. Sponsors can
legitimately set conditions on research
techniques used and limit cost of research. But
researcher must follow generally accepted
research methods. A researcher should refuse to
continue if he couldnt uphold the generally
accepted standards of research.
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Suppressing findings What happen if the findings
are against your sponsor? Not uncommon in social
research. Negotiate condition for releasing
findings prior to he start of research. And if
possible sign a contract to that effect
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What do you do with the findings?