Advanced C1

1
Advanced C1 C2
Joining
Grammar Forces
2
Unit 14 Presentation 1

• What are Determiners?

a broad category of the English grammar that
contains many subcategories in it, e.g.
demonstrative indefinite pronouns, articles,
etc
3
A) The Indefinite PronounsPresentation 2
4
Which are the Indefinite Pronouns?

1. some
its derivatives somebody/ someone, something,
somewhere
affirmative sentences (but also in qus a.
offering sth OR b. expecting a positive answer)
positive meaning
a) some singular countable noun
b) some cardinal number
other uses
c) some question word/ noun ? adverbs
d) cardinal number -something
5
Which are the Indefinite Pronouns?

2. any
its derivatives anybody/ anyone, anything,
anywhere
interrogative negative sentences (but also in
aff. sents a. with if or expressing doubt b.
with a change of meaning)
neutral meaning
a) any question word/ noun ? adverbs
other uses
b) any comparative adj./ adv.
6
Which are the Indefinite Pronouns?

3. no
its derivatives nobody/ no-one, nothing, nowhere
affirmative sentences but turns them into negative
strong negative meaning
other uses
a) no comparative adj./ adv.
7
Notes on the Indefinite no

• Dont confuse it with the adverb no that is used
  in negative answers.
• e.g. Are you happy at your new place?
• Well, no, not exactly.
• Following the no double negative rule, it cant
  be used with not, hardly/ scarcely, seldom/
  rarely, without.

8
B) The Quantitative Adjectives/ Adverbs/
PronounsPresentation 3
9
Which are these Quantity Words?
Type of Noun
positive
interrogative
negative
Countable
lots/ a lot of
(how) many?
(not) many
Uncountable
(how) much?
(not) much
NOTE
lots/ a lot (of)/ many ? few/ a few (few
negative meaning)
lots/ a lot (of)/ much ? little/ a little
(little negative meaning)
Much, many also in affirmative sentences when
they are (parts of) the subject or for brevity. A
lot (of) also in negative (short) answers for
euphony/ emphasis. Near synonyms to lots/ a lot
(of) plenty (of), a good/ great deal (of), a
large amount/ quantity/ number (of).
10
Other Uses of Quantity Words I

• much comparative adj.s/ adv.s OR too ?
  emphatic comparative/ result construction
• much participle ? new compound adjective
• much as subject verb ? special concession
  (mainly with verbs of like/ dislike, praise/
  criticism

11
Other Uses of Quantity Words II

• many a(n) (adj.) singular noun ? emphatic
  form of the commoner many plural countable noun
• in phrases meaning lots/ a lot (of) ? a good
  many, a great many
• a lot comparative ? emphatic comparative

12
C) No (adj.)/ Neither/ NonePresentation 4
13
No/ Neither/ None

1. no noun
? adj. ? a(n)/ some/ any e.g. no friend of mine
will testify against me.
no body/ one ? pronoun ? a(n)/ somebody/
anybody, someone/ anyone an answer to who
2. nobody/ no-one

(of the two) ? adj. OR pronoun ? both/ either
an answer to which (of the two)
3. neither

(of three or more) ? quantitative pronoun ?
everyone/ everybody/ everything/ all an answer
to how much/ many
4. none

14
Notes on no/ neither/ none their opposites

• All of the words in the previous slide
• a) refer to one person or thing at a time
• b) are found with a singular verb,
• except for some/ any, which could have a plural
  in cases both/ all, which are always found in
  plural with this meaning.

15
D) Every/ Each/ AllPresentation 5
16
Every/ Each/ All
1. every

singular countable noun ? adjective Exception
in time phrases e.g. every 3 months

2. each
sing. countable noun ? adj. OR (of) ? pronoun
a) sing. (un)count. noun ? adj.
b) plural count. noun ? adj.
3. all

c) other determiners noun ? pre-determiner
d) (of) as a pronoun e.g. All was quiet and
peaceful.
e) as an adverb e.g. all alone
17
E) Other/ Others/ ElsePresentation 6
18
Other/ Others/ Else

1. other
noun ? adjective
another ? adjective OR pronoun
2. an other

? pronouns
3. the other(s)

4. else
? pronoun OR adverb

19
F) Reflexive PronounsPresentation 7
20
What are the Reflexive Pronouns?
They are the self form of the possessive adj.s
(for the 1st 2nd persons, singular plural)
and of the accusative case personal pronouns (for
the 3rd persons, also singular plural).
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself himself
herself themselves herself themselves
itself itself
21
How are the Reflexive Pronouns used?
In 3 different ways
a) they form the Middle Voice by replacing the
object of an active/ action verb.
b) as emphatic forms of the subject or object
(without replacing them).
c) preceded by the preposition by, they mean
alone/ on my own.
Opposites each other/ one another.