A Healthy Forest

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A Healthy Forest
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Is No Accident!
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What are the Characteristics of a Healthy Forest?

• Plant Diversity

• Wildlife Diversity

• Low Susceptibility to Disease and Insects

• Low Susceptibility to Catastrophic Wildfires

• Healthier and faster growing trees

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An Unhealthy Forest lacks plant and wildlife
diversity, has unhealthy slow growing trees that
are more susceptible to insect disease attack,
and catastrophic wildfire is more likely.
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Forest Management
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• Benefits of Forest Management are
• Healthy trees
• Healthy forests
• More plant diversity
• More wildlife diversity
• Less Insect and Disease Outbreaks
• Less chance of catastrophic wildfire
• Numerous wood products and byproducts
  furniture, paper, houses, books,
  turpentine, cosmetics, shoe polish, cork,
  detergent, packaging, soaps, cleaners,
  etc..

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Without Forest Management

• Unhealthy Forests
• Unhealthy Trees
• Catastrophic disturbance is more likely
• Wildfire OR Insect and/or Disease Outbreak
• Loss of property and maybe lives
• Watershed Water Quality
• Cost of control
• Long Term Loss of Forest Revenue
• Land Value and Tourism
• Lack of Wildlife and/or Plant Diversity

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Recent Significant Catastrophic Disturbances in
the Black Hills

• Jasper Fire
• Size 83,508 acres Start date and time August
  24, 2000, 230 p.m. Date and time controlled
  September 25, 2000, 600 p.m. Suppression costs
  to date 8,200,000
• Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic
• 17,765 acres impacted
• 38,262 trees killed in 2000
• 25,562 trees killed in 1999
• 11,383 trees killed in 1998
• 5,219 trees killed in 1997
• 1,508 trees killed in 1996

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Mountain Pine Beetle
in the
Black Hills
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
ADULT
EGG
PUPAE
LARVAE
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IN LATE JUNE AND JULY ADULT BEELTES EMERGE FROM
INFESTED TREES, TUNNEL THROUGH THE BARK OF NEW
TREES, AND LAY SEVERAL EGGS.
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Pitch tubes form as the beetles bore into the
tree. Sometimes the pitch will expel the beetle
(pitching out). Beetles give off an aggregation
pheromone (scent) to attract other beetles to the
tree. This tree has been overwhelmed by several
beetles.
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The adult beetles also infect the tree with blue
stain fungus. This fungus clogs vascular wood
cutting off water and soil nutrients.
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Bark Plant protection
Phloem, living, cell reproducing area
and the vascular system that moves energy
nutrients throughout the plant.
Xylem
Very small tubes that transfer water and soil
nutrients from the root system.
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Larvae hatch and chew tunnels (galleries)
destroying the living cambium layer. Larvae then
overwinter in the galleries.
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Adult
Pupae
Larvae pupate about mid-May then develop into
adult beetles to start a new generation.
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Devastation caused by mountain pine beetle attack
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PHEROMONE BAITING WILL CONSOLIDATE (36RADIUS)
BEETLES. THEN CUT AND BURN, DEBARKING, OR
CHIPPING TECHNIQUES ARE USED FOR CONTROL LETHAL
BAITING IS ANOTHER OPTION.
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BA 180
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BA 60