Unit 4- Mixture, Compounds, and Element Notes

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Unit 4- Mixture, Compounds, and Element Notes
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Model So Far..

• Key Concept 1 Everything has been a simple
  pure particle..
• Skip 2-3 lines!

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What are the two categories of stuff that exist?
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REVIEW FROM UNIT 1
c

• Key Concept 2 Matter is anything made of atoms.
• Matter has observable and measurable qualities.
• Key Concept 3 Two basic types of properties of
  matter physical properties and chemical
  properties.
• Key Concept 4 All matter can undergo change
  physical change or chemical change

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Properties
REVIEW FROM UNIT 1

• Key Concept 5 Physical properties can be
  observed without changing the substance(use your
  senses).
• Key Concept 6 Chemical properties are determined
  by trying to change the make-up of a substance
  (only evident at the particle level).

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Change
RIVIEW FROM UNIT 1

• Key Concept 7 Physical change- the original
  substance still exists (its particles are still
  the same) it has simply changed form.
• Key Concept 8 Chemical change- takes place on
  the molecular level and produces a new substance
  (chemical changes are accompanied by physical
  changes) (hard to undo).

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What are some physical and chemical properties
of.

• Sugar Salt Iron

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How could we separate sugar and salt?
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Key Concept 2 Water vs. Ethanol
Property Chem/Phys Water Ethanol
Appearance
Odor
Flammability
Density
Melting Point
Boiling Point
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What happens to the properties if I mix water and
ethanol?

• Solubility?
• Density?
• Boiling points?
• Physical Change, not chemical

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How has Chemistry related technologies effected

• Social
• Economic
• Ethical Practices
• Politics
• Crude Oil and fractional distillation

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How has Chemistry related technologies
effectedSocial, Economic, Ethical Practices,
Politics
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How has Chemistry related technologies
effectedSocial, Economic, Ethical Practices,
Politics
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Demo 2 What happens if I mix sulfur (S) and iron
(Fe) together?

• Demo Video

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Change and Properties

• Key Concept 3 Physical change- mixed two
  particles together, but no reaction.
• Some properties are the same as the original
  substance (MP and BP), and other are a mix of
  those properties(density).
• Key Concept 4 Chemical change- mixed particles
  react to form a new product.
• All the physical and chemical properties have
  changed.

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We made mixtures
Elemental
Mixture
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Is the new product a mixture?
Elemental
Compounded
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Model So Far..

• Key Concept 1 Everything has been a simple
  pure particle..
• Now we need something new.

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Key Concept 5 A type of matter Examples steel,
air, water, vegetable soup
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
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Characteristics of mixture
Key Concept 6 Homogenous- homo same or
alike Heterogeneous- hetero different
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Heterogeneous Mixture
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Heterogeneous Mixture

• Key Concept 7 Heterogeneous mixtures- are
  composed of large pieces that are easily
  separated by physical means.
• You can see with your eyes (you might need a
  microscope for some) that the composition is not
  the same throughout
• Components are distinguishable
• Examples fruit salad, stuffing, mashed
  potatoes with cheese etc.

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Heterogeneous Mixture
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
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Homogenous Mixture

• Key Concept 8 Homogenous mixtures- looks the
  same throughout but can be separated by physical
  means.
• If you break a piece of homogeneous matter into
  smaller pieces, each piece will have the same
  properties as every other small piece.
• If you look at one of the pieces under a
  microscope, it is impossible to distinguish one
  part as being a different material from any other
  part.
• Examples air and glass

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Homogenous Mixture
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End of Day 1
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Solution
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Solution

• Everyday definition
• Answer to a problem
• A type of liquid

• Chemistry
• Key Concept 9 Solution- uniform mixture that can
  contain solids, liquids, or gases
• Solution Homogenous mixture
• They are synonyms

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How a solution is made?

• Key Concept 10 Solution consist of a solvent and
  solute.
• Solvent- the substance that dissolves the solute
  to form a solution most plentiful substance in
  the solution.
• Solute- one or more substance dissolved in a
  solution.

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How a solution is made?

• Important vocabulary
• Soluble
• Insoluble
• Alloy

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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Solution
Solvent Solute
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Pure Substance
Solution
Solvent Solute
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Pure Substance

• Key Concept 11 Pure Substance- Consists of only
  one component with definite physical and chemical
  properties.

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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Element
Solution
Solvent Solute
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Element

• Key Concept 12 Elements- composed of 1 type of
  atom

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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
Solution
Solvent Solute
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Compound

• Key Concept 13 Compound is composed of two or
  more different elements chemically bonded
  together.

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Demo 3
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Can be separated using physical means.
Compound
Element
Solution
Can be separated only by chemical means.
Solvent Solute
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Closure Quick Doodle
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End of Lesson 1
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
Solution
Solvent Solute
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Key Concept 14 Make a 4 column T chart
Pure Substances
Mixtures

• Element Compound Homo. Mixture Heter. Mixture

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Example for T chart

• Water
• Ethanol
• Water mixed with ethanol
• Sulfur
• Iron
• Iron Sulfide
• Sugar
• Sea Water
• Vegetable Soup
• Orange Juice

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BIG IDEA for Unit 4

• Key Concept 1 Everything has been a simple
  pure particle.. But now we need to illustrate
  matter as either a mixture (homo/hetero) or a
  pure substance (compound/element).

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Separating Techniques

• The primary concept of chemistry is the
  classification of matter.
• You have learned that matter can be a pure
  substance or a mixture that is homogenous or
  heterogeneous.

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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
Solution
Solvent Solute
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Separating Techniques

• Key Concept 15 Why is this important to
  understand separation techniques?

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Why is are separation techniques important?

• For some 1.1 billion people, sufficient, safe,
  acceptable, accessible and affordable water for
  life is a hope for the future, not a reality for
  the present.
• 17 OF HUMANITY WITHOUT ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER !!

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Why is this important
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Why is this important
PBS News Hour Haiti
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Why is this important
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Why is this important
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Why is this important
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• 0.7 sodium hypochlorite liquid solution used to
  treat drinking water at "point of use.

Electrochlorination is the process of producing
hypochlorite by running an electric current
through salt water. NaCl H2O ENERGY ? NaOCl
H2
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Why is this important
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Why is this important
NaCl H2O ENERGY ? NaOCl H2
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Why is this important
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How has Chemistry related technologies effected
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Winter Pool Party

• Feb 15th
• 4.00

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Separating Techniques

• Settling
• Used to separate substances with different
  weights
• Sifting
• Used to sort solids by size.

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Separating Techniques

• Decanting Used to separate an insoluble solid
  from a liquid by carefully pouring off the
  liquid. Based upon differences in density.

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Separating Techniques

• Key Concept 16 Filtration
• Used to separate a liquid
• and an insoluble solid.
• Alum
• Added to a liquid to promotes coagulation of
  suspended particles which is then filtered.

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Separation Techniques

• Key Concept 17 Evaporation Used in the
  separation of a liquid and a soluble solid.

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Separation Techniques

• Crystallization Slow formation of a solid from a
  warm solution that is cooled.

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Separation Techniques

• Key Concept 18 Distillation Used to separate
  two miscible liquids, that have different boiling
  points.
• If two liquids are miscible they form a
  homogeneous mixture when added together.
• Miscible Mix MM
• It is made possible due to the fact that each
  liquid has its unique boiling point.

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Separation Techniques

• Key Concept 19 Separating Funnel used
  to separate the two immiscible liquids with
  different densities.
• "water is immiscible with suntan oil
• alcohol is miscible with water

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Separation Techniques

• Key Concept 20 Magnetism used to separate out
  any substance based on its magnetic properties.

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Separation Techniques

• Paper Chromatography used to separate soluble
  substances from one another based upon
  differences in size as a solvent moves over
  paper.

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Defining a process with word you dont know

• Miscible
• Immiscible
• Soluble
• Insoluble

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Why is this important

• How is your drinking water cleaned?

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Practice Problems 4A- Speed Dating
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Reading Atoms From Democritus to Dalton

• The questions in the reading will help you
  summarize the important contributions of
• Empedocles
• Democritus
• Torricelli Bernoulli
• Priestley
• Lavoisier
• Goal of this reading Understand some key
  hypothesis that will allow us to get out of the
  particle model.
• What you dont finish before the bell needs to be
  completed as homework before next class!

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Lesson 3
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Who were they and what did they think?

• T1 Empedocles
• T2 Democritus
• T3 Torricelli Bernoulli
• T4 Priestley
• T5 Lavoisier
• T6 Dalton

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Key Concept 21 Dalton's atomic theory had four
main concepts

1. All matter is composed of indivisible particles
   called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical atoms
   of different elements have different properties.
3. Chemical reactions involve the combination of
   atoms, not the destruction of atoms.
4. When elements react to form compounds, they react
   in defined, whole-number ratios.

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Daltons atomic theory vs. Atomic Theory

• Practice Problems B- 1-3
• Nature of Science

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Water?
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Question still to answer?

• Density- Practice Problems Unit 1C

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Particle diagram illustrating density

• What substance has the greatest density and how
  do you know?
• Iron (Fe) Aluminum (Al)

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Is everything a simple particle?

• One of the greatest challenges early chemists
  faced was trying to find a way to connect the
  mass of a substance to the number of particles in
  the sample.
• If we knew how atoms combined together, we could
  deduce the mass of different types of atoms.

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Coming to Understand Simple Combinations

• Read out loud as a group taking turns.
• Go in a circle each person reading a paragraph.
• Answer each key questions
• on the paper as you go.

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Guy-Lussac Experimental Evidence
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Daltons Evidence
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With your shoulder partner complete the Case
Study-Activity
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Guy-Lussac found that one volume of water vapor
was not produced, but two equal volumes.
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Key Concept 22 Avogadros Hypothesis assumed

• Equal volumes of gases have equal numbers of
  particles.
• 2. These particle can be split into
  half- particle during chemical reactions
• (particles of some gaseous elements must contain
  two atoms.)
• 3. That particle of elemental gases could
  contain more than a single atom.

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Avogadros Hypothesis

• He predicted that there are some elements that
  can never exist as a single particle.

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Molecule vs. Compound

• Key Concept 23 A molecule is made of one or more
  elements bonded together.
• There are 7 elements that do not exist as a
  single particle, but two bonded particles (7
  1).

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Avogadros Hypothesis

• Key Concept 24 Two volumes of hydrogen react
  with one volume of oxygen to produce two volumes
  of water when hydrogen and oxygen can be split
  into half-molecules!

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Avogadros Hypothesis

• If we accept Avogadros Hypothesis, we can
  compare the mass of various gases and deduce the
  relative mass of the molecules.
• To do this, we pick a weighable amount of the
  lightest element (how about 1.0) then use mass
  ratios to assign atomic masses to the other
  elements.

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Avogadros Hypothesis

• The rejection of Avogadros hypothesis is
  reminiscent of the response to the revolutionary
  ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.
  For the next 50 years the number of convinced
  Copernicans in Europe was a few dozen only. It
  may be said of both men that their ideas were
  simply too far ahead for their time.
• Published in 1811 and not widely accepted until
  start of the 20th century (1900s).

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Dalton, Gay-Lussac, AvogadroNature of Science
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Homework Kinda of

• Write a letter as if you were Avogadro to Dalton
  and Guy-Lussac.
• You will need to explain how your hypothesis can
  be used to explain Dalton's density problem and
  excepts Guy-Lussac law of combining volumes.    
• Couple of paragraphs
• If you choose to complete this assignment, it
  will replace a zero in practice.

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End of Lesson 4
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Quick Look at 2nd Semester

• Unit 4- Mixture and Compound Prove it Quiz
• Unit 5- Mole Concept Unit 4/5 Exam
• Unit 6- Atom Prove it Quiz
• Unit 7- Periodic Table Unit 6/7 Exam
• 8- Chemical Reactions Prove it Quiz
• 9- Stoichiometry Unit 8/9 Exam
• Unit 10- Nuclear Chemistry Prove It Model/ Take
  Home Written Exam

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Unit 4 Prove It Quiz

• Practice Problems 4A- Mixtures, Compounds, and
  Elements
• Practice Problems 4B- Atomic Theory, Avogadros
  Hypothesis, and Nature of Science
• Practice Problems 4C- Ionic and Molecular
  Compounds Properties and Naming
• PIQ is Scheduled for January 25th

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Is everything a simple particle?

• One of the greatest challenges early chemists
  faced was trying to find a way to connect the
  mass of a substance to the number of particles in
  the sample.

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Avogadros Hypothesis

• If we accept Avogadros Hypothesis, we can
  compare the mass of various gases and deduce the
  relative mass of the molecules.
• To do this, we pick a weighable amount of the
  lightest element (how about 1.0) then use mass
  ratios to assign atomic masses to the other
  elements.
• 3630 to 3750
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vADYiwJ6exf4

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Relative Mass

• To assign relative masses to elements it is
  necessary to know that the samples being compared
  have the same number of particles
• If particles are all the same size, the same size
  sample would have the same number of particles
• If particles are different sizes, the same size
  sample would have different numbers of particles

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Particle diagram illustrating density

• What substance has the greatest density and how
  do you know?
• Iron (Fe) Aluminum (Al)

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ANSWER

• The best way is..
• If it is a gas (same number of particle per unit
  volume)
• If it is a liquid or gas (different number of
  particle per unit volume due to how close the
  atoms are and the size of the atoms)

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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
Solution
Solvent Solute
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A type of matter Examples steel, air, water,
vegetable soup
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Element
Compound
Solution
Ionic
Single Atoms
Diatomic Molecules
Solvent Solute
Molecular
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Out of the particle level

• Our model has to change.
• Elements Compounds Mixtures
• Ionic Compounds vs. Molecular Compounds

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Ionic vs. Molecular Compound Demos
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Ionic vs. Molecular Properties Summary
State (Room Temp.) Solubility in water Conductivity Boiling Point Melting Point Strength of Intermolecular Forces
Ionic Compounds
Molecular Compounds
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Understanding chemical bonding starts with a
very important question?

• What type of compound is it?

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What type of compound is it?Ionic
Compoundvs.Molecular Compound
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What type of molecule is it?

• Ionic Compound

• Molecular Compound

• There is a transfer of electrons that forms an
  ionic bond.

• There is a sharing of electron through a
  covalent bond.

Bond Strength
Conductivity
Different Naming System
Metal Nonmetal Nonmetal Nonmetal
Solubility in water
Melting Point Trends
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Properties Review

• What is different about these two compounds
• NaCl (table salt) vs. C6H12O6 (sugar)

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Get out Demo Sheet- Properties Review

• What if we just look at the compounds that
  conducted electricity

Compound Conductivity
Tap water (H2O and salts) Yes
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Yes
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) Yes
Potassium Chloride (KCl) Yes
What do these compounds have in common?
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What is an ionic compound?

• How would you define a salt?
• A salt is just an ionic compound
• So what is an ionic compound?
• Key Concept 25 Ionic Compound consists of a
  metal and a non-metal bound together by ionic
  bonds.

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Ionic Compounds

• (Cont. Key Concept 25)
• Ionic Compound metal nonmetal or cation
  anion

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Ionic Compounds

• Key Concept 26
• Cation positively charged ion
• Anion negatively charged ion
• Polyatomic Ions
• Poly many
• atomic atoms
• Ion charged
• Polyatmoic ion many atoms bonded together
  having an overall charge
• See periodic table

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WE NEED A TOOL TO DETERMINE IF AN ELEMENT WILL BE
A CATION OR ANION

• This is a tell..
• We have a tool and it is called the periodic
  table.
• Why this tool works wont come until Unit 6 7.
• Right now I just need you to correctly use the
  tool.

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Ionic Compounds

• Work with your shoulder partner to determine the
  most likely charge for the following and whether
  it is a cation or anion
• Chlorine
• Sulfur
• Sodium
• Nitrogen
• Aluminum
• Potassium

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Ionic Compounds

• Ionic compounds consist of a cation (metal)
  bonded with an anion (non-metal).
• Key Concept 27 Polyatomic ions themselves are
  not ionic compounds, but they form ionic bonds
  when paired with a metal.

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Properties of ionic compounds

• When compounds conduct electricity they are also
  called electrolytes.
• Where have you heard the term electrolyte before?

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Key Concept 28 Properties of ionic compounds
exist because

• Conductivity
• Yes- Because of the presence of ions.
• Solubility
• Yes- Because of dissociation (water is polar).

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Properties of ionic compounds (cont)

• Melting Point
• High- because of the intermolecular bond
  strength within the compound.
• Intermolecular Forces
• Strong- this causes a very high bond strength,
  therefore ionic compounds are solid state at room
  temperature.

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Ionic Bonding

• Key Concept 29 Ionic Bond forms through a
  transfer of electrons that causes an attraction
  between 2 oppositely charged ions.
• Review What is an ion?
• Different number of electrons from protons
• Not a neutral atom
• Contains a charge

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Ionic Bonding (cont)

• Ionic bond is formed through electrostatic
  attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions
• These ions are attracted to one another and form
  what is called a lattice or crystalline structure

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Why do these properties exist?

• This lattice structure and strong interaction
  between ions is what causes the high bond
  strength and high melting point and solid state
  at room temperature.
• When ionic compounds interact with water, the
  ions are more attracted to the water molecules so
  the lattice dissociates
• The dissociation of the ions is what causes ionic
  compounds to conduct electricity.

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dissociation animation
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What is an molecular compound?

• So what is an molecular compound?
• Key Concept 30 Molecular Compound consists of
  two or more non-metals bound together by covalent
  bonds.

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Molecular Compounds

• (Cont. Key Concept 30)
• Molecular Compound 2 or more nonmetal

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Key Concept 31 Properties of Molecular Compounds

• Conductivity
• No- because does not form ions.
• B. Solubility
• Some- Water is polar and therefore can dissolve
  other polar molecular compounds. But water cannot
  dissolve non polar compound.
• Polar can dissolve polar (miscible)
• Polar cant dissolve nonpolar (immiscible).

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Properties of Molecular compounds (cont)

• Melting Point/Boiling Point
• Low- because of weak intermolecular forces within
  the compound.
• Intermolecular Forces
• Weak- therefore it can be a solid, liquid or gas
  at room temperature

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Bonding in Molecular Compounds

• Molecular compounds contain covalent bonds
• Key Concept 32 Covalent bond the sharing of
  electrons in an atom to form a bond.
• Nonpolar covalent bond- electrons are share
  equally.
• Polar covalent bond- electrons are not shared
  equally.

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Bonding

• Chemistry is about stability
• Some molecules are more stable when they are
  found as diatomic two of the same element
  covalently bonded

Bromine Iodine Nitrogen Chlorine Hydrogen Oxygen F
luorine
BrINClHOF
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Bonding
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Bonding can be modeled with people!

• Ionic Bond vs. Covalent Bond

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What other information besides properties do we
need to know?

• Ionic Compounds

• Molecular Compounds

• How to name and write the formulas
• Use common ions to predict the products of a
  chemical formulas
• 90

• How to name and write formulas
• 10

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Recognizing Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds

• Summarize Key Concepts 25 and 30
• Get out your Periodic Tables

Standing Pop Quiz
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What type of compound is it?Ionic
Compoundvs.Molecular Compound
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End of Lesson 4
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Why is naming important?

• What does your name mean to you?
• Where did your name come from? Would anyone like
  to share?
• In other cultures, names can come from tradition
  and have different meanings.
• We are going to look at a few different cultures
  and how they determine names

151
Spain

• Most people have one or two given names, followed
  by two surnames.
• The first surname (considered the primary
  surname) is inherited from the father's paternal
  surname
• The second is inherited from the mother's
  paternal surname.
• Women usually keep their names when they marry.
• Example - If José Lopez Garcia marries María
  Reyes Cruz, both will keep their surnames
  unchanged. If they have a child named Tomás, his
  full name will be Tomás Lopez Reyes.

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Africa

• Traditional African given names often reflect the
  circumstances at the time of birth.
• time or day when the child was born.
• birth order of the newborn,
• describe the parents' reaction to the birth
• descriptive of the newborn or of desired
  characteristics
• Example Esi "Sunday Mosi "first born"

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Chinese

• A modern Chinese name consists of a surname (xìng
  ?) and a given name (míng ? or míngzì ??),
  usually presented in that order.
• When transcribed into western writing, the
  characters of the given name are often written
  separately.
• Sometimes the first character of the given name
  is shared by all members of a generation in a
  family

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Navajo

• Navajo name is considered so precious its only
  used during ceremonies, meaning a day-to-day
  conversation in a Navajo family may go something
  like Mother, go get Son.
• The Salish tribe follows a naming trail in
  which the name given to a baby by his parents at
  birth (usually a virtue or trait the parents hope
  for the baby) is eventually replaced at
  adolescence with another name that is given by
  the tribal leader at a ceremony called the Jump
  Dances.
• This name usually represents a talent or strength
  for which the child is known.
• Navajo naming is done through ceremony and names
  are symbolic of traits, tribes, animals, or
  virtues

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Hopi
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Chemistry

• In chemistry, compounds and elements are named
  using the IUPAC system of naming
• International union of pure and applied chemistry
• This system ensures that everyone in every
  language will know what a compound is based on
  its name
• There are a set of rules for naming different
  types of compounds

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Naming Rules Ionic Compounds

• There are 3 different types of naming rules for
  ionic compounds based on what metals and
  nonmetals are involved
• metal (cation) nonmetal (anion)
• NaCl
• metal (cation) polyatomic ions (anion)
• CaCO3
• transition metal (cation) nonmetal/ or
  polyatomic (anion)
• CuCl

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• KCl
• CaF2
• NaBr

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EXCEPTION ALERT!!

• There is 1 polyatomic ion that is a cation, which
  means it is NOT a metal
• NH4 - ammonium
• Example NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate

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• Ca(OH)2
• (NH4)2SO4
• K2CO3

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• Naming transitional metals is a pain.
• Ohhh more worklife sucks school sucks

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Key Concept 33 Mostly likely charge that an atom
will form is called oxidation number. The
oxidation number describes the degree of
oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom when
neutral compound is formed. (UNIT 6 7)
167

•  Cu(NO3)2
• CuNO3

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Ionic Compounds- Naming Practice
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End of Lesson 5
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Ionic Compounds- Formula Practice

• Lithium Chloride
• Magnesium Sulfide
• Calcium Nitride

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Ionic Compounds- Formula Practice

• Copper (II) sulfate
• Copper (I) sulfate
• Aluminum hydroxide

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Ionic Compounds- Formula Practice
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Ionic Compounds- Ions to NamesBonding With A
Classmate
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End of Lesson 6
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What other information do we need to know?

• Ionic Compounds

• Molecular Compounds

• How to name them
• Use common ions to predict the products of a
  chemical reaction
• 90

• How to name them
• 10

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• CO
• CO2
• P2O5

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This collaborative handout, is due at the end of
class.

• GO!

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Understanding chemical bonding starts with a
very important question?

• What type of compound is it?
• Tomorrow Combined Practice
• (End of Unit 4)
• Prove it Quiz over Practice Problems 4A, 4B, 4C
• January ?

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The only way to get better at naming is to
PRACTICE!! Do Practice Problems 4C as HW
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End of Lesson 7