Landmark%20Supreme%20Court%20Cases:

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Landmark Supreme Court Cases
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Precedent Case

• A case that serves as a model for future cases.
• Precedents are useful for helping Supreme Court
  judges make opinions

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• The decision established judicial review the
  evaluation of federal laws constitutionality as
  a power of the Supreme Court
• The Supreme Court has the ability to review laws,
  cases, decisions, etc. and judge their
  constitutionality.
• Major Check/Balance
  power against the other
  
  two branches

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Plessy v. Fergusson (1896)

• A Louisiana law required separate seating for
  white and African Americans on public railroads
  (segregation).
• --Herman Plessy said his 14th Amendment rights
  (Equal Protection Clause) had been violated.
• --The Supreme Court ruled that his rights were
  not violated, and segregated public facilities
  were permitted until 1954.
• - SEPARATE BUT EQUAL

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

• 10-year-old, Linda Brown, was not allowed to
  attend her neighborhood school because she was
  African American.
• --Linda Brown said her 14th Amendment rights
  (Equal Protection Clause) had been violated.
• --The Supreme Court ruled that separate but
  equal segregation was a violation of the Equal
  Protection Clause. This decision overturned the
  precedent established by Plessy v. Ferguson in
  1896.

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Clarence Gideon
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Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

• Clarence Gideon was found guilty of breaking and
  entering and sentenced him to 5 years in prison.
• Gideon appealed claiming that he did have the
  right to an attorney and the Supreme Court agreed
• Gideon received a new trial (with a
  court-appointed attorney) and was found not
  guilty.
• The Gideon Rule guarantees counsel to all poor
  persons facing a felony charge (6th Amendment).

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Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

• Ernesto Miranda was arrested for kidnapping and
  sexual assault he signed a full confession
  including a statement that he had full knowledge
  of his legal rights.
• Miranda appealed claiming that he had not
  received warning or legal counsel to guide his
  decision to confess.
• The Supreme Court agreed with Miranda, saying
  that all suspects must be forewarned that they
  have the right to remain silent and the right to
  an attorney.
• Miranda Rule before a suspect is questioned by
  police, he/she must be

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The Miranda Rights

• 1. Told of their right to remain silent.
• 2. Warned that whatever they say may be used in
  court.
• 3. Informed of their right to an attorney.
• 4. Informed that an attorney will be provided if
  they cannot afford one.
• 5. Told that they can stop police questioning at
  any time.

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New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

• T.L.O. (a New Jersey high school student) was
  sentenced to probation by juvenile court after a
  vice-principal searched her purse and found
  cigarettes and marijuana.
• T.L.O. appealed the ruling saying the principals
  search was unreasonable.
• The Supreme Court denied the appeal, saying that
  schools are allowed more leeway when conducting
  searches.
• The Court created a reasonable suspicion rule
  for schools conducting searches, instead of the
  probable cause rule that exists for the rest of
  society.

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Bush v. Gore (2000)

• The 2000 presidential election was one of the
  closest in history
• Race came down to Florida, which was having
  ballot issues too close to call
• Gore was initially declared winner, but then Bush
  was announced winner
• Recount was requested by Gore, but stopped by the
  Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision.

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The Issue in Florida (2000)
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Bush v. Gore (cont)

• Bush v. Gore was controversial for several
  reasons
• Political question generally, the SC stays out
  of political matters
• It decided the outcome of the 2000 election
• Serves as a precedent for future matters
  regarding electoral politics

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• Adapted from Mr. Bloughs PowerPoint