Botanical%20Description

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Botanical Classification

• Family cruciferae
• RAPESEED
• Brassica napus
• Brassica rapa/ Brassica campestris
• MUSTARD
• Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)
• Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard)

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Brassica napus

• Commonly called as GOBHI SARSON
• Dark color seed
• Chromosome no (n19)
• Developed as,
• B. napus B. olearacea B. rapa
• B. olearacea (n9)
• B. rapa (n10)

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Brassica rapa

• Also called B. campestris
• Yellow sarson, brown sarson toria
• Large size seeds
• Chromosome no (n10)

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Brassica juncea

• Indian mustard
• Brown or yellow color seeds
• Chromosome no (n18)
• Developed as,
• B. juncea B. nigra B. rapa
• B. nigra (n8)
• B. rapa (n10)

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Brassica carinata

• Ethiopian mustard
• Large size yellow/dark color seeds
• Chromosome no (n17)
• Developed as,
• B. carinata B. nigra B. olearacea
• B. nigra (n8)
• B. olearacea (n9)

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Description

• Annual rabi crop
• 50-200 cm tall and branched
• Taproot system with many lateral roots
  concentrated in the shallow subsurface soil.
• Yellow flowers usually
• Brassica campestris is both self and cross
  pollinated others are self pollinated.
• The fruit is apod, 5-10 cm long, with two
  carpals.
• Each pod contains 15-40 small, round seeds of
  different colors, weighing 4-6 g per thousand
  seeds.

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Origin and History

• Not definitely known.
• However its cultivation has been traced to 2000
  B.C. in India, China and Japan.
• Wild forms of Brassica campestris are found from
  western Europe to China, which suggests its
  origin in the Afghan-Pakistan region, another
  centre in the Mediterranean region, and a
  secondary centre in the Turk-Iranian region.
• Brassica seed was firstly used for Oil Extraction
  in India.
• Interest in Rapeseed cultivation increased in
  Europe and North America.
• China and India are still largest producers of
  Rapeseed.

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Uses

• Young leaves are used as vegetables
• Used as fodder
• The oil is used in cooking and making pickles
• Oil is also used in industry as a lubricant
• Since the oil of conventional varieties contains
  high levels of erucic acid which is injurious to
  human health, cultivars have been evolved which
  are low in both erucic acid and glucosinulates,
  which are injurious to livestock.
• Such varieties are designated as 00 types

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Locality

• More than 50 of crop is grown in Punjab
• in the districts of Multan, Khushab, Kasur,
  Layyah, Rahim Yar Khan, Bhakkar, Bahawalnagar,
  Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Lahore, and
  Rawalpindi.
• In Sindh,
• the major production districts are Sukkur,
  Nawabshah, and Sangar.
• Cultivation of toria is confined to the south
• Cultivation of raya to the north of Sindh,
• Taramira is cultivated throughout the province.
• About 30 of the Taramira in Sindh is cultivated
  as an unirrigated dobari crop.

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KPK

• Among the southern districts in KPK, D.I.Khan is
  the main growing area where B. juncea types are
  mainly grown.
• However in north (Hazara, Malakand) and central
  zones (Peshawar, Mardan), B.compestris types are
  grown. B. napus have recently been introduced.

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Climate and Soil

• Rape and mustard are well adapted to the
  temperate regions of the country.
• Do well in average daily temperatures of 30C
• 25-30 of the area is grown under rain fed
  conditions.
• Taramira is fairly well adapted to rain fed
  conditions.
• Rape and mustard prefer well drained soils and
  cannot tolerate waterlogged conditions.
• Mustard can tolerate a variety of soils, but rape
  generally prefers lighter soils.

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• Cultivars
• Punjab
• Poorbi raya
• Raya Anmol
• Zafar 2000
• Peela raya
• RD-81
• KPK
• Altex
• Raya Anmol
• Tower
• Zafar 2000

• Sindh
• Toria selection
• Early raya
• S-9
• Jhambha selection

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Cultural Practices

• Time of Planting
• Rapeseed and mustard are grown in the rabi
  season.
• However, toria and Poorbi raya are grown in the
  zaid kharif season
• The rabi crop is planted in October-November
• Harvested in April-May.
• Zaid kharif crop is planted in late August or
  early September
• Harvested in December.

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Time of Planting

• Time of planting is crucial
• In early rabi planting, early pods are affected
  by frost
• Late pod and seed development is affected by the
  approaching hot season.
• Late planted zaid kharif crops are damaged by
  frost.

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Cultural Practices

• Seedbed preparation
• Since rape and mustard seeds are small
• They require a fine well prepared, level, and
  firm seedbed
• Adequate soil moisture for good seed germination
  and an acceptable stand of plants.
• Method of sowing
• Generally the seed is sown by broadcasting.

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Cultural Practices

• Seed rate
• 2-8kg/ha
• Healthy and pure seed
• Free from diseases and weed
• Seed dressing with Vitavax or Benlate-M45
• _at_ 2 g/kg seed before planting will ensure good
  emergence.

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Cultural Practices

• Fertilizer application
• Sindh 11256 NP kg/ha
• Punjab 4040 NP kg/ha
• KPK 7550 NP kg/ha
• Interculture and weeding
• About 15-20 days after emergence the seedlings
  should be thinned to 5-10 cm apart.
• First hoeing is done when the plants are 6-8 cm
  tall.

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Cultural Practices

• Intercropping and rotation
• Intercropping with wheat and chickpea
• In Hazara, these crops are planted as relay crops
  in maize.
• Existing Rotations
• Rape/mustard-groundnut-wheat
• Rice-rape/mustard-rice
• Wheat-guar-rape/mustard(zaid kharif) cotton
• Proposed Rotations
• Rape/mustard-maize-wheat-soybean
• Cotton-sunflower- mungbean - rape/mustard
• Rape/mustard-sunflower-gram

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Cultural Practices

• Irrigation
• More than 90 barani cultivated
• 3-4 irrigations for sarson
• 2-3 for toria
• 1-2 for Taramira
• First irrigation is applied one month after
  sowing
• subsequent irrigations at about 20-30 days
  intervals.
• Critical stages are flowering and pod filling

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Cultural Practices

• Harvesting, threshing and storing
• Ready when their stems and pods become yellow
• Seeds become dark and rattle in their pods when
  shaken
• Brassica campestris types mature in 180 days
• B. napus 190-200 days.
• Usually harvested when about 75 of pods turn
  yellowish
• Harvesting too early drastically reduces oil
  content and seed viability
• Dried crop is threshed with bullocks or by
  running a tractor over it.
• The seed is then winnowed, sun dried and stored.

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Yield

• Punjab
• 900-1000 kg/ha
• Sindh
• 600-650 kg/ha
• KPK
• 500-600 kg/ha

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Insect pests and diseases

• Painted bug and
• Aphids attack
• Powdery mildew
• Downy mildew, and
• White rust

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Province wise Area of Rapeseed/Mustard and Canola
Crops in Pakistan
Year Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Pakistan
(Area'000'hectares)  (Area'000'hectares)  (Area'000'hectares)  (Area'000'hectares)  (Area'000'hectares)  (Area'000'hectares) 
2000-01     128.9 74.2 24.3 44.7 272.1
2001-02     134.9 76.1 19.3 38.6 268.9
2002-03     150.8 71.7 19.9 38.2 280.6
2003-04 157.2 67.4 20.7 34.5 279.8
2004-05     158.3 53.1 21.6 24.2 257.2
2005-06     (2.4) 127.6 (3.6) 49.9 (1.1) 18.9 (3.6) 30.9 (10.7) 227.3
2006-07 (2.8) 135.6 (2.7) 70.4 (1.0) 19.6 (3.4) 40.2 (9.90) 265.8
2007-08 (3.6) 127.4 (2.3) 49.1 (1.1) 16.4 (3.3) 35.0 (10.3) 227.9
2008-09 (5.5) 142.8 (2.2) 47.6 (1.0) 17.7 (3.0) 36.8) (11.7) 244.9
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(Production 000 tonnes) 
Year Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Pakistan
2000-01    127.6 59.4 15.4 28.2 230.6
2001-02    130.5 58.8 8.5 23.5 221.3
2002-03    146.1 57.6 8.9 22.4 235.0
2003-04     151.3 57.3 9.0 20.6 238.2
2004-05     142.5 47.6 10.2 15.5 215.8
2005-06     (2.3) 108.6 (3.8) 44.7 (0.7) 8.6 (2.4) 18.9 (9.2) 180.8
2006-07 (2.9) 120.2 (3.1) 70.1 (0.5) 9.4 (2.2) 21.3 (8.7) 221.0
2007-08 (3.4) 103.6 (2.7) 50.3 (0.5) 7.6 (2.2) 18.5 (8.8) 180.0
2008-09 (3.1) 120.5 (2.6) 51.1 (0.5) 7.4) (2.0) 19.9 (11.2) 198.9
Note- Figures in parenthesis are of canola Note- Figures in parenthesis are of canola Note- Figures in parenthesis are of canola Note- Figures in parenthesis are of canola Note- Figures in parenthesis are of canola Note- Figures in parenthesis are of canola
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(Yield in Kgs per hectare)
Year Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Pakistan
2000-01     990 799 579 599 836
2001-02     967 773 435 609 823
2002-03     969 803 447 586 837
2003-04     962 850 435 597 851
2004-05     900 896 472 640 839
2005-06     851 896 455 612 795
2006-07 886 996 480 530 831
2007-08 817 1031 463 540 793
2008-09 844 1073 418 541 812
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Questions
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