Literature Review

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Literature Review
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• It involve identification and analysis of
  relevant publications that contain information
  pertaining to the research problem

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Purposes of the literature review

• To determine what is already known about the
  topic that you wish to study (a literature source
  serves as the basis for the topic)
• Determines gaps, consistencies in the literature
  about a subject, concept, or problem.
• Discovers unanswered questions about a subject,
  concept, or problem

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• Describes the strengths and weaknesses of
  designs/ methods of inquiry and instruments used
  in earlier work.
• Many publishes studies contain recommendations
  for future research.
• To narrow the problem to be studied.

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• Locating theoretical or conceptual formulations
  that help guide the study.
• Help plan the study methodology.

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Electronic Literature Searches

• Electronic Data Base (EDB) Huge bibliographic
  files that can be accessed by computer. Most of
  the electronic data base of interest to nurses
  can be accessed either through an online search
  (i.e by directly communicating with a host
  computer over telephone lines or the internet) or
  CD-ROM (compact disks that store the
  bibliographic information).

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The electronic data base that contain references
on nursing research include the following

• CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and ALLIED
  Health Literature)
• MEDLINE (Medical Literature on-line)
• PsycINFO (Psychology Information)
• AIDSLINE (AIDS Information on-line)
• CancerLit (Cancer Literature)
• Health STAR (Health Services, Technology,
  Administration, and Research)
• CHID (Combined Health Information Database)

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• Most libraries at institutions with nursing
  schools subscribe to CINAHL, one of the most
  useful database for nurses.

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• 11) Print indexes are books used to locate
  research reports in journals and other documents.
  Indexes that are particularly useful to nurses
  are (International Nursing Index, Cumulative
  Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature,
  Nursing Studies Index, Index Medicus, and
  Hospital Literature Index).

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• 111) Abstract journals Summarize articles that
  have appeared in other journals. Abstracting
  services are generally more useful than indexes
  because they provide a summery of a study rather
  than just a title. Two important abstract sources
  for the nursing literature are Nursing Abstract
  and Psychological Abstract.

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Primary and secondary resources

• A primary sources is description of a research
  study that was written by the original
  investigator (s) who was/ were conduct them. It
  is written by the person (s) who developed the
  theory or conducted the research. In historical
  research, a primary sources is an eye witness or
  an original document.

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• A secondary source is a summary or description
  of a research study that was written by someone
  other than the study investigator (s) or the
  original researcher. Literature review articles
  are secondary sources.

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• Note if you are critiquing the review of the
  literature. It may be difficult for you to
  determine if the author is citing primary or
  secondary sources. The only information you have
  to rely on is contained in the references list at
  the article was published in a research journal.
  The only way to make a definite determination of
  the type of source would be locate each reference.

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The following steps are recommended for writing a
literature review

• 1.Identifying Potential references.
• 2.Locate and screen them for relevance and
  appropriateness

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• Identify the major ideas (usually two or three)
  that are related to the problem statements.
• List the concepts either in descending order of
  importance or in terms of logical presentation.
• In a sentence or two , summarize the major
  findings of each study. Include complete
  reference citations

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• At the end of each section, summarize the
  findings for each group of studies write a
  paragraph at the end each major concept or topic
  that summarizes the key points, supports the
  cohesiveness of the subheadings, and establishes
  the relevance of the proposed problem.

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• Compile the entire literature review and scan it
  for coherence, continuity, and smoothness of
  transition from one topic to the next. Carefully
  check each citation for accuracy.

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Organizing The Review

• A crucial task in preparing a written review. It
  is useful to prepare a summery tables. The tables
  could include columns with headings such as
  author, type of study, sample, design, data
  collection approach, and key findings. Such a
  table provides a quick overview that allows the
  reviewer to make sense of a large mass of
  information.

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How to do Citation Recommend styles

• Several experts (Abraham, 1999 Lawrence, 2000)
  have asserted that unmet expectations engender
  anxiety.
• previous studies indicate that women who
  participate in preparation for childbirth classes
  manifest less stress during labor than those who
  do not(klotz,2000, McTygue, 1998).

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• The studies by Singleton (1999) and Fortune
  (2000) suggest that doctors and nurses do not
  fully understand the psychological dynamics of
  recovery from a myocardial infarction.
• Attitudes have been found to be relatively
  enduring attributes that cannot be change
  overnight (OConnell,1999 Valentine, 2000).
• According to doctor A.Cassard, an authority on
  stress, responsibility is an intrinsic stressor
  (Cassard, 1998, 1999)

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• Example 1
• Farley and Fay in (2005) developed a system
  for assessing the learning needs of registered
  nurses in England. Registered nurses completed
  questionnaire on their learning needs. The
  response rate was 24 out of 2949. The findings
  revealed that the following topics were
  identified to have highest interest Motivation,
  stress management, counseling,.,physical
  assessment (20)

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• Example 2Urbano et al. in (2007) examined the
  motivational orientations of 500 registered
  nurses, randomly selected, who reside in a large
  metropolitan area. The results showed that
  motivation.(48)

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Guidelines for critiquing the literature review

• Is the literature review comprehensive?
• Does the review flow logically from the purposes
  of the study?
• Are all sources relevant to the study topic?
• Are both classic and current sources included?
• Are paraphrases or direct quotes used most often?
• Are supporting and opposing findings should be
  presented?
• Are most of the references primary sources?

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References

• Example1 journal
• Allmark, p.(2005). Can the study of ethics
  enhance nursing practice. Journal of Advanced
  Nursing 51(6) 618-624.
• Author name Peter Allmark
• Year of publishing (2005)
• The study title Can the study of ethics
  enhance nursing practice.
• The volume 51
• Issue 6
• The page 618-624

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• Example 2 Book
• O'Connor, A. B. Nursing staff development and
  continuing education(2nd ed.) . Canada Little,
  Brown and company, 2007.
• Name of the book Nursing staff development and
  continuing education.
• Canada The place of publishing.
• Little, Brown and company The name of
  publisher
• (2007) Year of publishing

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• - Refereed journals are important sources of
  scholarly literature. It is uses a panel of
  reviewers to review manuscript for possible
  publication.
• reviewers are chosen by editor for their experts
  as clinicians, researchers, and / or
  administrators.
• The reviews are usually performed blind.