Argumentation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Argumentation

Description:

... Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Rhetorical Triangle Speaker Audience Text ... problems by enlisting ... Default Design Microsoft Word ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:69
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 25
Provided by: cyf73
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Argumentation


1
Argumentation
  • EVERYTHING IS AN ARGUMENT

2
EVERYTHING!!!!!
3
Letters to the Editor
  • Example letter concerning the re-naming of
    Highway 290 as Ronald Reagan Highway You are
    basically arguing whether this is a good idea.

4
Personal Narrative
  • role of childhood friends
  • most important relative
  • connection to your name
  • biggest embarrassment
  • greatest loss
  • greatest learning experience

5
Applications
  • Jobs- High School through Adulthood
  • Honor Society
  • College Acceptance

6
Expository Essay
  • Explain the merits (or ills) of Columbus
  • Explain the causes of the Civil War
  • Explain the efficacy of dropping the bomb on
    Hiroshima
  • Explain the racial subtexts of The Adventures of
    Huckleberry Finn

7
The Rhetorical Triangle
by Aristotle
Speaker
Text
Audience
8
What is rhetoric?
  • The art or study of using language effectively
    and persuasively. American Heritage College
    Dictionary
  • Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of
    discerning in any given case the available means
    of persuasion. Aristotle

9
  • Aristotle said that when a rhetor (speaker)
    begins to consider how to compose a speech,
    he/she must take into account 3 elements the
    text, the audience, and the speaker.

Speaker
Audience
Text
10
Audience
  • The writer/speaker
  • speculates about audience expectations and
    knowledge of subject, and
  • uses own experience and observation to help
    decide on how to communicate with audience.

11
Text
  • The writer/speaker
  • evaluates what the audience knows already and
    needs to know,
  • investigates perspectives (researches), and
  • determines kinds of evidence, format, style, etc
    that seem most useful (supports assertions with
    appropriate evidence).

12
Speaker
  • The writer/speaker uses
  • who they are,
  • what they know and feel, and
  • what theyve seen and done
  • to find their attitudes toward a text and their
    understanding of audience.

13
Appeals
  • The writer/speaker uses different approaches to
    influence the audiences attitude toward the
    subject. These are
  • Logos
  • Ethos
  • Pathos

14
Logos
  • The writer/speaker
  • offers clear, reasonable premises and proofs,
  • develops ideas with appropriate details, and
  • makes sure readers can follow the progression of
    ideas.

15
Ethos
  • The writer/speaker uses it when
  • he/she demonstrates that they are credible,
    good-willed, knowledgeable and
  • he/she connects their thinking to the readers
    own ethical or moral beliefs.
  • Audiences and speakers should assume the best
    intentions and most thoughtful search for truths.

16
Pathos
  • The writer/speaker
  • draws on emotions and interests of readers and
  • highlights those emotions using
  • 1) personal stories and observations
  • to provoke audiences sympathetic
  • reaction and
  • 2) figurative language to heighten
  • emotional connections.

17
Ask not what your country can do for you - ask
what you can do for your country. John F.
Kennedy
  • calls attention to ethical qualities of the
    speaker and listener (ethos)
  • proposes a solution to the countrys problems by
    enlisting the citizens help (logos)
  • calls forth emotional patriotism (pathos)

18
Context and Purpose (intended effect on
audience)
  • Context the situation in which the text
  • occurs
  • Purpose the emerging aim that
  • underlies many of the writers
  • decisions

19
Rhetorical Triangle Plus
Speaker
Context/Purpose (intended effect on audience)
Text
Audience
20
  • The context (the situation in which the text
    occurs) is especially important.
  • Context may reflect important socioeconomic,
    cultural elements, or more mundane things, such
    as where and when the text occurs.
  • Some like to think of context as setting.
  • Man with painting on sidewalk/ or in museum.
  • Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech.

21
  • Context tends to be more important when you are
    reading a text. You need to be aware of the
    situation in which the text was created.
  • When you are composing, the context is usually
    less important because you are composing here and
    now, and you are aware of the context.
  • There are always exceptions if you are writing
    about moves toward democracy in the Middle East,
    but you live in the US, you may need to be aware
    of how your context differs from those who live
    in the Middle East and that may affect your
    argument.

22
  • Purpose (aka intent) is a tricky thing.
  • I tell a joke you dont laugh. Is it more
    important that I want you to laugh or that you
    dont laugh? Perhaps my intent to make you laugh
    and the fact that you dont laugh are equally
    interesting to note, but neither is more
    important.
  • It is my not-so-humble opinion that one of the
    problems with education has been a focus on the
    importance of what the author meant (intent),
    when audience reaction is as important.
  • So I prefer to refer to purpose as intended
    effect on audience.

23
There is purpose!
  • This is not to say there is no such thing as
    intent or purpose. When you are writing, you must
    know your purpose.
  • In an academic paper the purpose may be presented
    in your thesis statement.
  • And Purpose can be clear when you are reading as
    well all ads want you to buy the product.

24
Final thoughts
  • Remember that the rhetorical triangle is not a
    recipe or a guideline for writing it is a way of
    looking at a situation.
  • Rhetorical situation is a specific (given)
    moment in which you ca use the rhetorical
    triangle 1 to observe what is happening.
  • In any situation - by definition, really - all
    parts of the triangle are present.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com