WORLD RELIGIONS

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• WORLD RELIGIONS

Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Jud
aism Christianity Islam
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Religions of South Asia
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Religion in the Subcontinent
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Hinduism
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What is Hinduism?

• One of the oldest religions
• About 1500 B.C.E.
• Began in India
• Gave birth to Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
• Tolerance and diversity
• "Truth is one, paths are many
• There is only one God, but endless are his
  aspects and endless are his names
• We are not human beings having spiritual
  experiencesWe are spiritual beings having a
  human experience!

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What do Hindus believe?

• Hinduism has no formal theology that defines God
• It is henotheistic (acknowledging many but
  worshiping only one)
• BrahmanOne impersonal Ultimate Reality
• Manifest as many personal deities
• AtmanThe soul, Brahma trapped in matter
• SamsaraReincarnation atman is continually born
  into this world lifetime after lifetime
• KarmaSpiritual impurity due to actions keeps us
  bound to this world (good and bad)
• MokshaUltimate goal of life to release Atman
  and reunite with the divine, becoming as one with
  Brahman
• VedasTruth myths, rituals, chants

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Major gods of the Hindu Pantheon
Brahma, the creator god
Vishnu, the preserver god
Shiva, god of constructive destruction(the
transformer)
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What are the spiritualpractices of Hinduism?

• Yogaseeking union with the divine
• Gurua spiritual teacher, especially helpful for
  Jnana and Raja yoga
• Bhakti Yogaworship, seeking union with the
  divine through loving devotion to manifest
  deities
• In the home (household shrines)
• In the temples (priests officiate)

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How does Hinduism directlife in this world?

• Respect for all life vegetarian
• Human life as supreme
• Four stations of life (Caste) - priests
  teachers, nobles warriors, merchant class,
  servant class
• Four stages of life student, householder,
  retired, wandering philosopher
• Four duties of life pleasure, success, social
  responsibilities, religious responsibilities
  (moksha)

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Buddhism
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The essence of Buddhism

• The middle way of wisdom and compassion.
• The 3 jewels of Buddhism
• Buddha, the teacher.
• Dharma, the teachings.
• Sangha, the community.

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Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)

• Born as prince in NE India (Nepal)
• At 29 rejected luxurious life to seek
  enlightenmentand source of suffering
• Lived a strict, ascetic life for 6 yrs
• Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation and
  found nirvana
• Became The Enlightened One, at 35

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What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?
Desire!

• Therefore, extinguish the self, dont obsess
  about oneself.

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Four Noble Truths

1. There is suffering in the world. To live is to
   suffer.
2. The cause of suffering is self-centered desire
   and attachments.
3. The solution is to eliminate desire and
   attachments.
4. To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold
   Path.

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Eightfold Path
Nirvana

• The union with the ultimate spiritual
  reality.
• Escape from the cycle of rebirth.

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Buddha 19c Thailand
Buddha 2c Pakistan
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Mandala Wheel of Life Motifs
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Types of Buddhism

• Therevada Buddhism
• The oldest school of Buddhism.
• Found in southern Asia.
• Focus on wisdom and meditation.
• Goal is to become a Buddha, or Enlightened
  One.
• Mahayana Buddhism
• Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).
• Buddhism for the masses.
• Goal Not just individual escape from the wheel,
  but the salvation of all humanity through
  self-sacrifice of those enlightened few.

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Types of Buddhism

• Zen Buddhism
• Seeks sudden enlightenment through meditation,
  arriving at emptiness
• Use of meditation masters
• Beauty, art, and aesthetics, such as gardens
  calligraphy
• Tibetan Buddhism
• Developed in Tibet in the 7c CE.
• A mix of Theravada and Mahayana
• Include Lamas, like the Dalai Lama

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Growth of Buddhism
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Both
Reincarnation Cyclical view of history Belief in
a state of enlightenment (Hindu moksha, Buddhist
nirvana)
The Middle Way (Eightfold Path) Four Noble Truths
Caste system
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Confucianism
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Confucius

• 551 479 B.C.E.
• Born in the feudal state of Liu
• Became a teacher and editor of books

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Major Confucian Principles

• Li --gt Rite, rules, ritual decorum (Binding
  force of an enduring stable society)
• Ren --gt humaneness, benevolence,
  humanity
• Shu --gt Reciprocity, empathy
• Do not do unto others what you would not want
  others to do unto you.
• Yi --gt Righteousness
• Xiao --gt Filial Piety (Respect your elders!)

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5 Principle Relationships
1. Ruler
Subject
2. Father
Son
3. Husband
Wife

• Status
• Age
• Gender

4. Older Brother
YoungerBrother
5. Older Friend
YoungerFriend
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Confucian Temple Complex
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The Analects

• The single most important Confucian work.
• Knowing what he knows and knowing what he
  doesnt know, are characteristics of the person
  who knows.
• Making a mistake and not correcting it, is
  making another mistake.
• The superior man blames himself the inferior
  man blames others.
• To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

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Social Cohesion is Paramount!

• The emperor is the example of proper behavior
  --gt big daddy
• Social relationships are based on rites or
  rituals
• Even religious rituals are important for
  SOCIAL, not religious reasons

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Differences in Cultures
INDIA
CHINA
1. Brahmin
1. Scholar-Gentry
2. Kshatriyas
2. Peasants
3. Vaishyas
3. Artisans
4. Shudras
4. Merchants
Domestic Slaves
Untouchables
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Legalism
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Han Fei

• 280? - 233 B.C.E.
• Late Warring States period
• Legalism became political philosophy of Qin
  Chin Dynasty

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Major Legalist Principles
1. Human nature is naturally selfish. 2.
Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged.
3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces
morality. 4. The ruler must rule with a
strong, punishing hand. 5. War is the means
of strengthening a rulers power.
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Authoritarian
One who favors the principle that individuals
should obey a powerful authority rather than
exercise individual freedom.
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Daoism
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Lao Zi Lao-Tzu

• 604 B.C.E. - ?
• His name means Old Master
• Was he Confucius teacher?

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Major Daoist Principles
1. Dao Tao is the first-cause of the
universe. It is a force that flows through all
life. 2. A believers goal is to become one
with Dao one with nature. 3. Wu wei --gt
Let nature take its course. --gt The
art of doing nothing. --gt Go with
the flow! 4. Man is unhappy because he lives
according to man-made laws, customs traditions
that are contrary to the ways of nature.
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The "Dao" Tao
To escape the social, political, cultural
traps of life, one must escape by
1. Rejecting formal knowledge and learning.
2. Relying on the senses and instincts. 3.
Discovering the nature and rhythm of the
universe. 4. Ignoring political and social laws.
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The Universe of Opposites Find the Balance!
Yin

• Masculine
• Active
• Light
• Warmth
• Strong
• Heaven Sun

• Feminine
• Passive
• Darkness
• Cold
• Weak
• Earth Moon

Yang
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The Uniqueness of Daoism
How is a man to live in a world dominated by
chaos, suffering, and absurdity??
Confucianism --gt Moral order in society
Legalism --gt Rule by harsh law order
Daoism --gt Freedom for individuals and
less government to avoid
uniformity and conformity
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Judaism
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Judaism
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• Monotheistic, believing in one true God
• Omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent
• Unity and singularity of God as He is revealed
  though Torah
• Shmacornerstone of all Jewish belief.
• Deuteronomy 64 Hear, O Israel The Lord our
  God, the Lord is one.
• Israelites believed they were Gods chosen
  people.
• They believed that God would lead them to
  promised land.

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Judaism

• Born in grace, live in grace, and die in grace
• Sin is not a fact of birth, it is a matter of
  choice
• Olam Ha-Ba The World to Come
• Messiah will reign
• Jewish temple will be rebuilt
• Nation of Israel will be fully restored
• World order of justice and compassion.

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Teachings on Law and Morality
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• Jewish prophets, or spiritual leaders, preached
  code of ethics, or moral standards of behavior
• Torahlaws that addressed all aspects of life,
  from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal
  matters
• Ten Commandments

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Significant Jewish Holy Days

• Shabbat Sabbathday of rest
• Friday sundown through Saturday sundown
• Prohibited work, travel, commerce
• Yom Kippur "Day of Atonement"
• Atone for sins of past year sins between man
  and God
• On Yom Kippur, judgments of God are entered into
  the books and then sealed
• Rosh Hashanah New Year, plan better life and
  begin introspection
• Passover commemorate Israelites escape from
  Egypt
• Personal journey from slavery to freedom

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Christianity
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EARLY CHRISTIANITY

• Roots
• Judaism
• Teachings of John the Baptist, Jesus, and
  apostles
• Earliest converts were Jews who did not think
  they were breaking away from Hebrew Law
• Early Christians wished to be considered Jews
• Jewish religion officially recognized by Roman
  government and its adherents had certain
  privileges

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BELIEFS

• Based on belief that Jesus is the Christ/Messiah,
  the son of God
• One of Trinity
• God the Father, Son, Holy Spirit
• Teachings
• In Gospels
• 12 disciples
• Death at 33
• By believing in Jesus, his followers will go to
  Heaven at their death
• Bible is Word of God
• Holy daysChristmas Easter

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Islam and the Growth of Empire
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ISLAM Submission to the Will of Allah
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The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam
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Islam? An Abrahamic Religion

• Strict monotheists
• Believe
• Allah, the Judeo-Christian God
• The Torah and the Bible, like the Quran, is the
  word of God

Peoples of the Book
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Abrahams Genealogy
ABRAHAM
SARAH
HAGAR
Isaac
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
Esau
Jacob
12 Tribes of Israel
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The Prophetic Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
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The Origins of the Quran

• Muhammad received first revelation from angel
  Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
• 622 ? Hijrah ? Muhammed fled Mecca for Medina.
  The beginning of the Muslim calendar
• Muhammads revelations were compiled into the
  Quran after his death.

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The Quran

• Muslims believe it contains word of God
• 114 suras (chapters).
• In the name of Allah, the compassionate,
  the merciful.
• Written in Arabic.

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The Five Pillars of Islam
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1. The Shahada

• The testimony
• The declaration of faith

There is no god worthy of worship except God,
andMuhammad is HisMessenger or Prophet.
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2. The Salat

• The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a
  day dawn noon late
  afternoon sunset before going
  to bed
• Wash before praying
• Face Mecca and use prayer rug

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2. The Salat

• The call to prayer by muezzin in minaret
• Pray in mosque on Friday

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3. The Zakat

• Almsgiving (charitable donations)
• Muslims believe that all things belong to God
• Zakat means both purification and growth
• About 2.5 of your income

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4. The Sawm

• Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
• Considered a method of self- purification
• No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset
  during Ramadan

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5. The Hajj

• The pilgrimage to Mecca
• Must be done at least once in a Muslims
  lifetime
• 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage
  every year

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5. The Hajj

• Those who complete pilgrimage can add the title
  hajji to their name

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The Dar al-Islam
The Worldof Islam
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The Mosque

• The Muslim place of worship

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The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into
heaven
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Other Islamic Religious Practices

• Up to four wives allowed at once
• No alcohol or pork
• No gambling
• Sharia ? body of Islamic law to
  regulate daily living
• Three holiest cities in Islam Mecca,
  Medina, Jerusalem

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Essential Question
Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and
convert so many to the new religion?
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The Spread of Islam

• Easy to learn and practice
• No priesthood
• Teaches equality
• Non-Muslims, who were Peoples of the Book,
  were allowed religious freedom, but paid
  additional taxes
• Easily portable ? nomads trade routes
• Jihad (Holy War) against pagans and other
  non-believers (infidels)

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Muslims in the WorldToday
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Countries with the Largest Muslim Population
1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000
2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000
3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000
4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000
5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000
Arabs make up only 20 of the total Muslim
population of the world.
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Split in IslamSunni Shia

• Stemmed from political differences
• Dates back to death of Muhammad
• Who should lead Muslim nation?

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Split in IslamSunni Shia

• Sunni Muslims
• Leader should be elected from among those capable
  of the job
• This is what was done
• "Sunni" in Arabic comes from word meaning "one
  who follows the traditions of the Prophet"

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Split in IslamSunni Shia

• Shia Muslims
• Leader from Prophet's family
• Appointed by him, or among Imams appointed by God
  Himself
• Leadership should have passed to his
  cousin/son-in-law, Ali
• Follow line of Imams appointed by Muhammad or
  God Himself
• "Shia" in Arabic means supportive group

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Split in IslamSunni Shia

• Other differences touch all detailed aspects of
  religious life prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, etc.

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Split in IslamSunni Shia

• Sunni Muslims believe there is no basis in Islam
  for hereditary privileged class of spiritual
  leaders
• Believe no basis for veneration or intercession
  of saints
• Believe leadership is not birthright, but a trust
  that is earned
• May be given or taken away by people themselves

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Split in IslamSunni Shia

• Shia Muslims believe that Imam is sinless by
  nature
• His authority is infallible as it comes directly
  from God
• Often venerate Imams as saints and perform
  pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines hoping for
  divine intercession

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Split in IslamSunni Shia
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From Umayyad to Abbasid Empires
ARAB
ISLAMIC
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Rise of Abbasid Party

• The party traced its descent from Muhammads
  uncle, al-Abbas.
• Al-Abbas great great grandson, Abu al-Abbas led
  his forces against Umayyads
• His allies were
• Shia
• Mawali (Islamic converts) to gain acceptance in
  community of believers
• Captured Umayyad capital in Syria
• At Reconciliation Banquet al-Abbas slaughtered
  remaining Umayyad family

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Early Abbasid Era

• Began to reject Shia and Malawi alliesand
  defended Sunni Islam
• Built centralized, absolutist imperial order
• New capital Baghdad The Round City (2km in
  diameter) on Tigris River
• Baghdad became richest city in the world (only
  Constantinople came close)
• Had palace with jeweled thrones and harems
• Image of elitism was important
• For more than a century, able to collect revenue
  and preserve law over much of empire

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Islamic Conversion

• Mass conversions to Islam were encouraged
  throughout empire
• Most converts were won over peacefully because of
  appeal of Islamic beliefs and advantages they
  enjoyed
• - didnt have to pay head tax
• - educational opportunities
• - jobs as traders, administrators, judges

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Town Country Commercial Boom and Agrarian
Expansion

• Abbasid Era was a great time of urban expansion
  and growth of merchant and landlord classes.
• Tang Song Dynasties in China were also reviving
  middle merchant class. (results of falls of
  Rome/Han)
• Arab DHOWS - trading vessels with triangular
  (lateen) sails were used from Mediterranean to
  South China Sea
• Later influenced European ship design

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Town Country Commercial Boom and Agrarian
Expansion, cont..

• Muslim merchants formed joint ventures with
  Christian and Jewish traders
• Each merchant had different Sabbath so they could
  work 7 days a week
• Merchants grew rich supplying cities with goods
  throughout the empire
• Much wealth went to charity (required by Quran)
• Hospitals and medical care of Abbasid Empire
  surpassed those of any other civilization of that
  time

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Town Country Commercial Boom and Agrarian
Expansion, cont..

• Much unskilled labor was left to slaves
• Some slaves were able rise to positions of power
  and gain freedom
• Huge estates might have slaves, indentured
  servants or sharecroppers

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The First Flowering of Islamic Learning

• Early contributions from Abbasid were great
  mosques and palaces. Ex Dome of the Rock
• Advances in religious, legal and philosophical
  discourse
• Science and Math!
• preserved Greek works of medicine, algebra,
  geometry, astronomy, anatomy, and ethics
• Arabic traders in India carried Indian number
  system across Mediterranean and into Northern
  Europe
• Whats the impact?

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Global Connections Early Islam the World

• Abbasid Empire was go-between for ancient
  civilizations of Eastern Hemisphere
• Role grew as Arab trade networks expanded
• Islam pioneered patterns of organization and
  thinking that would affect human societies in
  major ways for centuries
• 5 Centuries Spread of Islam played dominant
  role in the Afro-Eurasian World

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Global Connections Early Islam the Worldcont.

• In the midst of achievement, Muslims had some
  growing disadvantages, especially to Europeans
• Muslim divisions would leave openings for
  political problems
• Growing intolerance and orthodoxy led to the
  belief that the vast Islamic world contained all
  requirements for civilized life, which caused
  Muslim people to grow less receptive to outside
  influence and innovationsled to isolation at a
  time when Christian rivals were in a period of
  experimentation and exploration

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• WORLD RELIGIONS

Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Jud
aism Christianity Islam