Navigation

1
Navigation
2
TASKS

• Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
• Navigation Systems and ATC Radar Services
• Diversion
• Lost Procedures

3
Pilotage

• Flying from one visible landmark to another
• When one landmark is reached, another more
  distant landmark should be selected

4
Pilotage

• Apply wind drift correction to maintain desired
  ground track
• More difficult when areas lack prominent
  landmarks or under conditions of low visibility

5
Dead Reckoning

• Navigating solely by means of computations based
  on true airspeed, course, heading, wind direction
  and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time
• It is deduced reckoning hence the term

6
Navigation Systems

• Know how to use all navigation systems in your
  airplane - VOR, ADF, LORAN, GPS
• Determine and control ground track on the basis
  of navigation instrument indications

7
Navigation Systems

• Communicate with ATC facilities to
• Participate in VFR radar traffic advisories
• Terminal radar programs
• Radar assistance to lost aircraft

8
Diversion

• Reasons for diversions
• Low fuel
• Bad weather
• Pilot or passenger fatigue or illness
• Airplane system or equipment malfunction

9
Diversion

• Procedures
• Confirm present position
• Select alternate airport and estimate a heading
  to put you on course
• Write down the time and turn to new heading

10
Diversion

• Draw a new course line
• Refine your heading by pilotage and available
  navigation systems
• Compute groundspeed, arrival time and fuel

11
Lost Procedures

• 5 Cs
• Climb
• Communicate
• Confess
• Comply
• Conserve

12
Lost Procedures

• Maintain you original heading and look for
  landmarks
• Identify the nearest concentration of landmarks
• Use all available navigation systems and ask for
  help from any ATC or FSS facility

13
Lost Procedures

• Plan a precautionary landing if weather
  conditions get worse or low on fuel

14
Navigation

• Time to station
• Established inbound on a radial rotate the obs
  10o to the left, turn the aircraft 10o to the
  right
• Note the time and maintain heading until the cdi
  centers

15
Navigation

• Note the time
• Time to the station is the same as the time to
  complete the 10o change of bearing

16
Time to station (min)
Note the radial you are on Turn 90o to the
left or right Note the time elapsed between
bearings 60 x Min flown between bearing
change Degrees of bearing change
17
Distance To station (NM)
TAS X Min. flown between bearing change
Degrees of bearing change
18
Fuel Required
Rate of fuel consumption x Min to
station 60
19
Navigation

• When a relative bearing doubles in a specific
  time, the time to the station is that time.