Nationalism

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Nationalism

• Nationalism contributes to the formation of two
  new nations and a new political order in Europe

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Nationalism A Force for Unity or Disunity

• Two Views of Nationalism
• Nationalists use their common bonds to build
  nation-states
• Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their
  subjects
• Three different types of nationalist movements
• unification merges culturally similar lands
• separation splits off culturally distinct groups
• state-building binds separate cultures into one

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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

• The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
• Austria includes people from many ethnic groups
• 1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks
  War) and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to
  split the empire into Austria and Hungary
• still ruled by emperor

Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two
kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a
concession to Hungarian nationalism.
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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

• The Russia Empire Crumbles
• After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing
  control over their empire
• Russificationforcing other peoples to adopt
  Russian culture
• policy further disunites Russia, strengthens
  ethnic nationalism

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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

• The Ottoman Empire Weakens
• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the
  empire.
• Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging
  Turks.

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Case Study Italy

• Cavour Unites Italy
• Italy forms territory from crumbling empires
• 1815-1848 Italians want independence from foreign
  rulers

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Case Study Italy

• Cavour Leads Italian Unification
• Camillo di Cavourprime minister of the Kingdom
  of Sardinia in 1852
• Gets French help to win control of
  Austrian-controlled Italian land

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Case Study Italy

• Garibaldi Brings Unity
• Giuseppe Garibaldileads nationalists who conquer
  southern Italy
• Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern
  Italy with Sardinia
• Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the king of
  Sardinia to rule
• Control of Venetia and Papal States finally
  unites Italy

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Case Study Germany

• Bismarck Unites Germany
• Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states form
  the German Confederation
• Prussia Leads German Unification
• Prussia has advantages that help it to unify
  Germany
• mainly German population
• powerful army
• creation of liberal constitution

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Case Study Germany

• Bismarck Takes Control
• Junkersconservative wealthy landownerssupport
  Prussian Wilhelm I
• Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck
  becomes prime minister
• Realpolitikpower politics without room for
  idealism
• Bismarck defies Prussian parliament

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Case Study Germany

• Prussia Expands
• Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two
  provinces
• Quick victory makes other German nations respect
  Prussia

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Case Study Germany

• Seven Weeks War
• Bismarck creates a border dispute with Austria to
  provoke a war
• Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern
  Germany
• Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are
  joined for the first time.

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Case Study Germany

• The Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all
  Germans
• Wilhelm is crowned Kaiseremperor of a united
  Germanyat Versailles
• Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian
  dominance.

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To some Germans, Bismarck was the greatest and
noblest of Germanys statesmen. They say he
almost singlehandedly unified the nation and
raised it to greatness. To others, he was nothing
but a devious politician who abused his powers
and led Germany into dictatorship. His speeches,
letters, and memoirs show him to be both crafty
and deeply religious. At one moment, he could
declare, It is the destiny of the weak to be
devoured by the strong. At another moment he
might claim, We Germans shall never wage
aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.
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A Shift in Power

• Balance Is Lost
• In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five
  powers in Europe
• Austria
• Prussia
• Britain
• France
• Russia
• By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have
  gained much power
• Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and
  economically