Period 5 Notes

1
Period 5 Notes

• Industrialization Global Integration
• c.1750 c. 1900

2
The French Revolution

• Overview
• The culmination of Enlightenment ideals put into
  radical and violent action
• Starts as middle class peasant rebellion in 1789

3
The French Revolution

• Long-term Causes
• 1. Gap between the 3 estates of France

4
The French Revolution

• Long-term Causes
• 2. Unfair Tax System
• 3. Frustrated and unrepresented middle class

5
The French Revolution

• Immediate Causes
• 1. Enlightenment Ideals
• 2. Poor leadership of previous monarchs led to
  financial crisis
• 3. American Revolution

6
The French Revolution

• Three Phases of the Revolution
• 1. Moderate Phase
• Goal to create constitutional monarchy
• Was limited in its scope
• 2. Radical Phase
• Execution of King Louis XVI
• Reign of Terror
• Peoples Army formed to combat internal and
  external threats
• 3. Reactionary (Conservative) Phase
• Reign of Terror ends
• New constitution adopted
• Led by The Directory who was eventually taken
  over by Napoleon

7
Napoleon

• How did he rise to power?
• Product of Revolution
• Rose through military due to merit reputation
• Joined a coup that took over Directory and
  declared himself dictator

8
Napoleon

• How did Napoleon Fall?
• Was never able to counter British Royal Navy
• Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
• Guerilla movements in Iberia constant distraction
  drain
• Invasion of Russia extremely costly in lives and
  wealth
• Final defeat at Battle of Waterloo

9
Napoleon

• Positives
• Modernized France
• Created national bank civil code
• Education became more available
• Wars spread Revolution ideals across Europe

• Negatives
• Autocratic
• No regard for constitution
• Constant war costly
• Continental System nearly destroyed Europe
• Forced conscription
• Womens status declines

10
The Congress of Vienna 1815

• Overview
• When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches
  a cold.
• Von Metternich, 1815
• Meeting held to deal with problem created by
  Napoleonic Wars between 1800-1815
• Attempt to redraw map of Europe and retain power
  for conservative monarchies

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The Congress of Vienna 1815

• Goals
• Achieve balance of power in order to preserve
  peace
• Carry out conservative principles that would
  maintain status quo put down revolution

• Key Decisions Made
• Restored France to pre-revolution borders
• Territory added to Russia, Prussia, Austria
• Netherlands Belgium unite
• Creation of a German Confederation

12
Nationalism

• What is Nationalism?
• The idea that a nation, defined by ethnicity or
  culture, has the right to be an independent
  government
• Loyalty to common people not kings
• Citizenship
• Basis of modern nation-states
• People unified by common bonds

13
Nationalism

• Growth of Nationalism
• Enlightenment ? Growing middle class ?French
  Revolution ?Napoleonic Conquests ? Response to
  Congress of Viennas Conservatism

14
Latin American Independence

• Problems faced Upon Independence
• 1. Political Fragmentation
• 2. Failure of Constitutional Rule
• No tradition of democratic rule
• Imposed unequally
• Population impatient

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Latin American Independence

• Problems faced Upon Independence
• 3. Dictatorial military rule
• Caudillos emerge as governments fail
• 4. Economic backwardness
• Exploitation continues
• Unfavorable balance of trade
• No middle class

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Latin American Independence

• Problems faced Upon Independence
• 5. Racial Gender Divisions
• Prejudice due to mixed population
• Oppression of women continues despite their role
  in independence
• 6. Continuation of foreign influence
• Foreign investors
• Exploitation of resources poor

17
Industrial Revolution

• Origins
• Machines replaced human animal power
• New production methods joined together
• Recurrent technology
• Access to more new raw materials

18
Industrial Revolution

• Why did Britain Industrialize 1st?
• Geography
• Climate good for textiles
• Rich in coal iron
• Easy transportation
• Politics
• Trade encouraged by government financing
  provided when needed

19
Industrial Revolution

• Why did Britain Industrialize 1st?
• Society
• Less rigid than most of Europe
• Middle-class grew into class of entrepreneurs
• Colonies
• Largest colonial empire in the world provided raw
  materials, labor, and markets

20
Industrial Revolution

• Spread
• Britains newfound industrial capacity was key to
  victory over Napoleon
• Other countries were quick to copy
• U.S., France, Belgium, Germany
• Laws were passed to foster industrial growth

21
Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 1. Rise of Workers
• Labor unions originate in Great Britain
• Fought for rights of workers and eventually
  formed Labour Party
• Took longer to develop in U.S. and did not become
  as powerful
• Do Trial Transcripts

22
Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 2. New Economic Ideas
• Marxist Socialism
• Karl Marx Frederick Engels Communist
  Manifesto
• High government control of economy with goal of
  egalitarian society
• History is story of class struggle (Bourgeoisie
  the oppressors or those who own the means of
  production and exploit workers vs.-
  Proletariatthose individuals who sell their
  labor and do not own the means of production),
  culminating in proletariat revolution that
  results in socialist Utopia
• Limited by nationalism factions within movement
• Do Socialism Activity

23
Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 2. New Economic Ideas
• Laissez Faire Capitalism
• Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations
• People act in their own self-interest
  competition to achieve will drive economy to
  advance
• Government must keep their hands off the economy
  and let market (supply demand) rule
• Results in gap between wealthy poor this
  inequality was justified by Social Darwinism
• Do Capitalism Activity

24
Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 3. Revolutions of 1848
• Occurred in France, Germany, Italy, Austria,
  Poland, Denmark
• Grew out of impatience with conservative rule,
  negative effects of industrialization, growing
  nationalism, economic hardship
• Failed but led to limited reform and was catalyst
  for later success

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Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 4. Deterioration of Coercive Labor
• With industrialization the need for agricultural
  slavery (Americas) and serfdom (Russia)
  diminished
• Combined with spread of Enlightenment ideals and
  growing abolition movements/social unrest
  resulted in change
• Did not end mistreatment of lowest class
• Do Slavery/Serfdom Venn

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Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 5. Scientific Advancements to Improve Quality of
  Life
• See Scientific Advancements chart
• Do Women in 1800s Quiz

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Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 6. Womens Suffrage Movement
• Led by middle-class
• Focused on gaining the vote, education, and equal
  access to professions
• Based on contradictory principal that women were
  considered morally superior to men, but were not
  given equal access to the world
• Used variety of methods to gain attention
• WWI was eventual catalyst to gaining voting
  rights

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Industrial Revolution

• Responses to the Industrial Revolution
• 7. New Artistic Styles
• Developed variety of responses to
  industrialization
• Neo-Classical
• Romantic
• Realist
• Do Art Tour

29
Imperialism in Africa

• Imperialism
• One country dominating the political, social
  economic life of another
• Scramble for Africa
• Chaotic rush to grab land in Africa in 19th
  20th centuries
• Only nations that remain free Liberia Ethiopia
• Berlin Conference of 1884
• Held in attempt to ease tensions

30
Case Study South Africa

• Colonizing country Dutch in 1700s British in
  1800s
• South Africa was attractive for a number of
  reasons
• Similar geography/climate as Europe
• Natural resources (diamonds, gold, farmland)

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Case Study South Africa

• Dutch Cape Colony
• Established as trading post between Europe Asia
• Eventually became a settler colony
• Became known as Afrikaners and became separated
  from home country
• Natives exploited segregated

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Case Study South Africa

• British Cape Colony
• British arrive and push Afrikaners into native
  land
• Zulus resisted but were eventually defeated
• Defeated British army at Battle of Isandlwana in
  1878
• Boer Wars Afrikaners British over right to
  land
• Eventually results in unification of Dutch
  British colonies in 1902
• Natives remain segregated

33
Case Study South Africa

• Apartheid
• Africans were exploited for labor in diamond
  mines were given the worst lands
• Segregation becomes official with win of
  Nationalist Party and creation of Apartheid
  system in 1948
• Informally starts in 1700s, lasts until made
  illegal in 1990
• Nelson Mandela was leader of anti-apartheid
  movement becomes first black president of South
  Africa

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Imperialism in Asia
35
Southeast Asia

• Reasons for colonization
• Valuable resources spices, coffee, tropical
  crops
• Crossroads of trade
• Easier to conquer due to geography less
  concentrated resistance

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Southeast Asia

• French Indochina
• Original goal was in natural resources converts
• Intimidated by British presence in India which
  leads to more direct colonization of the region
  (formal colony by 1859)

• Dutch Java
• Trade presences established in early 1600s
• Slowly gained control of spice trade using divide
  conquer tactics
• By 1750 had control of island of Java

37
India

• Why was India the crown jewel of the British
  Crown?
• Diverse economic potential
• Huge population for labor military service
• Plentiful Indian seaports
• Raw materials

• Why were Indians unable to successfully resist
  British advances?
• No national identity due to diverse
  ethnic/religious background
• Many ordinary Indians found British rule
  beneficial

38
India

• Stage 1 Origins of British Presence (17th 18th
  centuries)
• British East India Company (BEIC) ruled
  economically
• Slow growth of British Raj
• Zamindar System
• Battle of Plassey (1757)
• British win victory over Mughals, scare off
  French
• End of Mughal Empire

39
India

• Stage 2 Peaceful Coexistence (1757-1790)
• British content to let traditional social systems
  continue as long as they were economically
  benefitting
• Ruling families kept intact
• Caste system remained
• Europeans adopted Indian customs
• No real missionary effort

40
India

• Stage 3 Assimilation (1790 1857)
• Policy changed for numerous reasons
• Corruption in BEIC
• Religious revival
• Effort to Westernize natives
• British attempt to reform Indian society
• End abusive social practices
• Promote English language schooling

41
India

• Stage 4 Direct Colonization (1857 1947)
• Sepoy Rebellion
• Indian soldier mutiny motivated by religious
  issues, anti-colonial sentiment, economic
  inequality
• Results more direct rule, of Indian troops
  reduced, Mughal references suppressed, India
  becomes direct colony of the British crown

42
British India
43
China

• Stage 1 Chinese Domination (pre-1800s)
• China possessed huge advantages over West
• Technology, population, balance of trade
• Hong Kong merchants traded with British in trade
  houses
• BEIC involved in tea trade but suffered from
  balance of trade problem, looked to diversify
  their trade with opium

44
China

• Stage 2 Opium Trade Wars (1800 1850)
• Introduction of opium was devastating to Chinese
  but profitable for British
• Solved British balance of trade problem
• 15 of BEIC profits coming from opium
• Chinese economy destroyed
• 10 mil. Addicts in S. China
• 10-20 of government officials

45
China

• Stage 2 Opium Trade Wars (1800 1850)
• 1st Opium War (1839-42)
• Lin Zexu cracked down on British trade
• British fail to cooperate instead go to war
• British win easily due to superior navy
• Treaty of Nanjing
• Opened 5 ports
• Ceded Hong Kong
• 21 million in war reparations

46
China

• Stage 3 Empire in Decline (1850-1911)
• Internal Rebellion
• Taiping Rebellion (S. China - 1851-64)
• Peasant uprising in response to growing foreign
  presence rapid population growth
• Took 13 years ENG FRA help to put down
• Boxer Rebellion (N. China - 1899-1901)
• Anti-imperialist peasant movement led by martial
  arts experts that targetted Christians/foreigners
• Took 20,000 foreign troops to put down
• Low point of Qing Dynasty

47
China

• Stage 3 Empire in Decline (1851-64)
• External Threats
• 2nd Opium War (1856-60)
• Qing refuse to renegotiate treaties, ENG FRA
  attack win easily
• Treaty of Tientsin legalized opium
  Christianity, opened ports, created spheres of
  influence (see next slide)
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
• Fought over control of Korea
• Japan wins, power in E. Asia shifts

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China

• Stage 4 End of the Dynastic System
• Qing reaction to decline is too little, too late
• 100 Days of Reform Western reforms were
  short-lived and rejected by those in power
• Sun Yat-Sen led revolutionary movement using
  nationalism, democracy, welfare of the people as
  his battle cry
• Made number of alliances, and in 1911 Qing
  Dynasty is overthrown
• 4000 year old dynastic system ends, Republic of
  China created, Sun Yat-Sen 1st President

50
Japan

• Stage 1 Isolation (1600s 1853)
• Tokugawa Shogunate military rule
• In 1800s slowly began to modernize
• More urban, agricultural revolution,
  industrialization
• Remained isolated from the West

51
Japan

• Stage 2 Opening of Japan (1853)
• Arrival of Admiral Matthew Perry in Japan is
  turning point
• Ports opened, exclusive trading rights granted to
  U.S., diplomats stationed
• Results in civil war, overthrow of shogun,
  Emperors power restored under title of Meiji

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Japan

• Stage 3 Meiji Japan (1854 1947)
• Meiji Restoration
• Goal resist Western domination while adopting
  lifestyle technology
• Japan will become the most powerful empire in
  Asia role reversal with China

54
Japan

• Stage 3 Meiji Japan (1854 1947)
• Major changes
• Feudalism abolished
• Meiji Constitution
• Industrialization trade increased
• Social reforms

55
Japan

• Stage 3 Meiji Japan (1854 1947)
• Major changes
• Creation of an empire
• Korean ports (1876), Okinawa (1879), Navy
  completed (1890s), Sino-Japanese War (1894),
  Chinese Sphere of Influence (1902),
  Russo-Japanese War (1904)

How was Japan s experience with Imperialism
unique?