Transformation of the West

1
Transformation of the West

• Chapter 17, pgs 368-386

2
Periodization

• 1300-1450
• Italian Renaissance
• 1450-1600
• Northern Renaissance,
• Reformation,
• Commercial Revolution
• 1600-1700
• Scientific Revolution,
• Political change
• 1700-1800
• Enlightenment

3
First Changes Culture Commerce

• Petrarch writings of pride human achievement
  contrast w/ previous more religious periods

A New Spirit
4
Renaissance
1 of 2

• Italy
• urban center, commercial center
• Humanism focus on humankind
• Examples
• Literature Petrarch, Boccaccio
• Art Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo
• Politics Machiavelli
• Economic effects new focus on profit-seeking
• Political effects new focus on general well-being

5
Renaissance
2 of 2

• Northern Renaissance
• political independence trade decline in Med
• More religious, but humanism continues
• Literature focused on human pleasures
  (Shakespeare, Rabelais, Cervantes)
• Politics increased states powers revenues
  (Francis I)
• Impact of Renaissance was limited however
• Peasants lives unchanged
• Lords still influential

6
Changes in Technology Family

• New technology via contacts
• stronger iron, more efficient mining, greater
  literacy from Gutenbergs printing
• New European-style family
• Nuclear families, later marriages, fewer
  children, greater emphasis on property

7
Protestant Catholic Reformation
1 of 2

• Martin Luther challenges the Catholic Church
• Faith salvation
• NOT indulgences, pope, celibacy
• Protestantism was born
• General wave of Christian religious dissent
• Obvious political appeal b/c of challenge of
  papal authority
• Ordinary people shift by rebelling against
  landlords

8
Protestant Catholic Reformation
2 of 2

• After unity breached, other Protestant groups
  sprang forward
• Anglican England (Henry VIII)
• Calvinism Switzerland, parts of Germany, France,
  low countries, England, Scotland
• Advocated predestination, broader participation,
  greater access to gov, popular education
• Catholic Reformation
• Catholic Church fights back, successfully in S.
  Europe
• Jesuit order established important missionaries
  in Asia Americas

9
End of Christian Unity in West

• Effects of Reformation
• Religious wars
• Grudging limited religious pluralism, but not
  liberty
• Political benefits mixed
• Beyond politics
• Less connection b/t god nature
• More love b/t husband wife
• Women adopt new emotional role
• Literacy expands

10
Commercial Revolution

• New levels of trade
• Caused by inflation from Spanish silver
• Increased borrowing investment ? trading
  companies (some gov backed) ? new profits
  banking
• Colonial markets stimulate manufacturing
• Prosperity of commoners improves too
• Average 5x more things than SE Europeans

11
Social Protest

• Formation of proletariat
• Rising population food prices hit poor hard
• Increased tension b/t

rich poor
Who Blamed poor for moral failings Persecuted witches Who Rebelled for greater equality, protection from poverty, and protection from property loss
12
Next Changes Science Politics

• Scientific Revolution
• Rise of nation-state
• Copernicus 1st step in scientific revolution
• Discovered earth revolved around sun
• Showed new thinking could improve on tradition

Did Copernicus Copy?
13
Science The New Authority
1 of 2

• Examples of scientists who followed Copernicus
• Kepler
• Vesalius
• Galileo
• Harvey
• Bacon
• Descartes
• Newton
• Locke

14
Science The New Authority
2 of 2

• Impact of scientific revolution
• Spread of scientific knowledge
• Belief in human control understanding
  environment
• Attacks on traditional religious ideas
• Wide assumption about human progress
• Science center of intellectual life for 1st time

15
Absolute Parliamentary Monarchies

• Decline of feudal monarchy 2 new government
  forms
• Absolute Monarchy
• Stopped convening feudal parliament, appointed
  bureaucrats, professionalized army, promoted
  mercantilism
• Example France to lesser extent Prussia,
  Habsburg
• Parliamentary Monarchy
• Central state, but monarch shared power with
  parliamentary representatives
• Example England, Netherlands

16
The Nation-State

• Governments who increasingly ruled peoples of
  common culture language
• Resulted in
• New loyalties political bonds
• which resulted in
• Commoners believing gov should act in their best
  interests
• which resulted in
• New functions of gov (like economics)

17
The West by 1750
18
Political Patterns

• By end of period, political change drawing to
  close in England France
• Change continued in Prussia however
• Frederick the Great
• Warfare b/t nations continued often b/c of
  rivalry

19
Enlightenment Thought
1 of 2

• Cultural changes as result of applying rational
  thought to human society
• Some scientific advances, but mostly social
  sciences
• Diderot
• Enlightenment principles
• -
• -
• -
• -

20
Enlightenment Thought
2 of 2

• Popularization changes for ordinary people
• Common exchanges of ideas
• Increasingly wide audiences for findings
• Attitudes toward children changed
• Less physical punishment, more interaction
  education
• Family hierarchy weakened
• Women gain some more equality
• Emotional love encouraged for marriages

21
Ongoing Change in Commerce

• Commerce consumerism spread to ordinary life
• Agriculture
• New techniques
• New crops
• Manufacturing
• Shift from domestic artisans to manufacturers
• Commerce, ag, manufacturing combined population
  explosion

22
Innovation Instability

• Interconnection of developments in key
• Stronger gov, ag improvements, population growth,
  popular beliefs, economic structures, role of
  family
• Change in Europe change in view of others
• Backwards, if not uncivilized

Global Connections