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Clinical Trial Process: An Overview

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Clinical Trial Process: An Overview John O. Naim, Ph.D. Director, Clinical Trials Research Unit West Virginia University Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Clinical Trial Process: An Overview


1
Clinical Trial Process An Overview
  • John O. Naim, Ph.D.
  • Director, Clinical Trials Research Unit
  • West Virginia University
  • Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center

2
What Is a Clinical Trial?
  • Effectiveness of intervention to treat a disease
  • Safety of a new drug
  • Defining dose administration
  • Testing drug formulation
  • Exploring combination therapies
  • Evaluating effect of therapies on quality of life

3
Types of Clinical Trials
  • Treatment
  • Test new approaches to treat a disease
  • Prevention
  • What approaches can prevent disease
  • Early-detection/screening
  • What are new ways to find hidden disease
  • Diagnostic
  • How can new tests or procedures ID disease

4
Phases of Drug Development
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
No. of Participants 15-30 lt100 100 to thousands Several hundreds to several thousands
Purpose First in humans Find safe dose Determine efficacy Compare new agent with standard treatment Post market Long-term safety and efficacy
5
Who are the Players?
  • Human Subject Volunteers
  • Physician Investigators
  • Research Nurses
  • Pharmacists
  • Lab Techs
  • Social Workers
  • Data Managers

6
Research Protocol Roadmap
  • Detailed Research Plan that Includes
  • Objectives
  • Background and Rationale
  • Subject Selection Criteria
  • Treatment Plan
  • Study Procedures
  • Response Evaluation Criteria
  • Statistical Section

7
Human Research is Highly Regulated
  • Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
  • Title 21- Food and Drugs
  • Part 50 Informed Consent
  • Part 56 IRB
  • Part 312 IND
  • Part 314 NDA
  • Part 600, 6001 Biologics
  • Part 812, 813, 814 Medical Devices
  • Title 45- Public Welfare
  • Part 46 (subparts B, C, D) DHHS, Protection of
    Human subjects

8
What About International Regulation?
  • E6 Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Consolidated
    Guidance
  • International ethical and scientific quality
    standard for designing, conducting, recording
    and reporting trial results.

9
Why is Human Research Highly Regulated?
  • Past transgressions lead to the need for laws
    that protect the rights and welfare of human
    subjects.
  • Nuremberg Doctors Trial of 1946 (Nuremberg Code)
  • Thalidomide Tragedy (Kefauver-Harris Amendment)
  • Tuskegee Experiments (Belmont Report)
  • Human Radiation Experiments
  • Gene Transfer Experiment

10
Informed Consent
  • Learning the key facts about a trial before
    deciding whether to participate.
  • Research study purpose
  • Risks/Benefits
  • Alternative treatments
  • Confidentiality of records
  • Medical treatment available if injury occurs
  • Whom to contact for answers to questions
  • Statement that participation is voluntary

11
Institutional Review Board(IRB)
  • All clinical trials must be approved and
    monitored by an IRB.
  • IRB is an independent committee of physicians,
    nurses, statisticians, community advocates and
    others.
  • The function of the IRB is to ensure that a
    clinical trial is ethical and the rights welfare
    of study participants are protected.

12
Patient Recruitment Challenge
  • Poor patient recruitment is the number one reason
    that trials fail.
  • Only 3 to 5 percent of newly diagnosed adult
    cancer patients participate in a clinical trial.
  • Reasons for this relatively low number are many.

13
Recruitment Strategies
  • Physician trust and contact
  • Study staff contact
  • Speaking to community groups
  • Newspaper and radio Ads
  • Internet websites
  • Physician referrals

14
Subject Data Collection
  • Data is collected on case report forms (CRF)
  • Much of clinical data is taken from the subjects
    medical record (source documents)
  • Pharmaceutical and device trials, data is
    verified by multiple players

15
Serious Adverse Events
  • Events that results in any of the following
  • Death or life-threatening
  • Hospitalization or prolonged hospitalization
  • Persistent or significant disability/incapacity
  • Congenital anomaly/birth defect
  • Events that are serious, unexpected, and related
    or possibly related to participation in the
    research must be reported to the Sponsor, FDA and
    IRB in a timely manner.

16
Clinical Trial End Product
  • Ideal Unambiguous conclusion regarding the
    clinical outcome of the test treatment/device.
  • Always strive for the ideal, but in most cases
    have to settle for the best comprise.
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