The English School

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THE FEMINISM
Dosen Hartanto, S.I.P, M.A.
Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan
Ekonomi Universitas Respati Yogyakarta
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Bob Cox Two types of theories

• Problem Solving Theory
• Theories that attempt to identify and provide
  solutions to particular sources of trouble within
  that problematique
• Critical Theory
• Theories that attempt to understand the origin of
  and the potential for altering the problematique
  itself.

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CriticalInternational Relations Theory

• is a set of schools of thought in international
  relations (IR) that have criticized the
  status-quo, both from positivist positions as
  well as post positivist positions.
• Positivist critiques include Marxist, Neo-Marxist
  approaches, and Social Constructivism.
• Post positivist critiques include postmodernist,
  postcolonial and feminist approaches

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Feminism

• Feminism is a social theory and political
  movement primarily informed and motivated by the
  experience of women.
• While generally providing a critique of social
  relations, many proponents of feminism also focus
  on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion
  of women's rights, interests, and issues.
• Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of
  inequality and focuses on gender politics, power
  relations and sexuality.

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Feminist political issues

• reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity
  leave, equal pay, sexual harassment,
  discrimination and sexual violence.
• discrimination, stereotyping, objectification
  (especially sexual objectification), oppression
  and patriarchy.
• The basis of feminist ideology is that rights,
  privilege, status and obligations should not be
  determined by gender.

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HISTORY

• Feminism is generally said to have begun in the
  19th century as people increasingly adopted the
  perception that women are oppressed in a
  male-centered society (patriarchy).
• Emmeline Pankhurst (UK) was one of the founders
  of the suffragette movement and aimed to reveal
  the institutional sexism in British society,
  forming the Women's Social and Political Union
  (WSPU).

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Subtypes of feminism

• Amazon feminism
• anarcho-feminism
• cultural feminism
• ecofeminism
• equity feminism
• existentialist feminism
• fluffy feminism or girly feminism
• French feminism
• gender feminism
• lesbian feminism
• liberal feminism
• libertarian feminism or individualist feminism
• male feminism or men's feminism
• Marxist feminism or socialist feminism
• material feminism
• multi-cultural feminism
• pop feminism

• post-colonial feminism
• postmodern feminism which includes queer theory
• pro-sex feminism
• psychoanalytical feminism
• radical feminism
• separatist feminism
• sexually liberal feminism/sex-positive
  feminism/pro-sex feminism
• social construct feminism
• socialist feminism
• spiritual feminism
• standpoint feminism
• third-world feminism
• transfeminism
• womanism
• Certain actions, approaches and people can also
  be described as proto-feminist or post-feminist.

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Radical feminism

• Radical feminism considers patriarchy to be the
  root cause of the most serious social problems.
• Violence and oppression of women, because they
  are women, is more fundamental than oppressions
  related to class, ethnicity, religion, etc.

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First-wave feminism

• First-wave feminism refers to the feminist
  movement in the nineteenth century and early
  twentieth century, which primarily focused on
  gaining the right of women's suffrage.
• Prominent leaders of the movement included
  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

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Second-wave feminism

• Second-wave feminism refers to a period of
  feminist activity which began during the early
  1960s and lasted through the late 1980s.
• second-wave feminism was largely concerned with
  other issues of equality, such as the end to
  discrimination and oppression.
• largely focused on the inclusion of women in
  traditionally male-dominated areas,

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Third-wave feminism

• Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that
  arguably began in the early 1990s.
• third-wave feminism seeks to challenge and expand
  common definitions of gender and sexuality.
• Traits of third-wave feminism include queer
  theory, women-of-color consciousness,
  post-colonialism, critical theory,
  transnationalism, and new feminist theory. In
  particular, a post-structuralist interpretation
  of gender and sexuality is center to third-wave
  feminism.

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Feminist International Relations Theory

• The expression within the discipline of IR of the
  broader emancipatory framework of feminist
  thought.
• The aims
• To unmask the gendered construction IR
  disciplinary tenets
• To ask questions traditionally seen as irrelevant
• To create spaces for imagining alternatives to
  the prevailing patriarchal order

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Feminist IR Theory

• To show that
• Gender is socially and culturally constructed
• Beliefs about sex difference play a part in
  constructing realities
• To advocate the normative orientation towards
  womens empowerment

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Sex - Gender

• Sex refers to the biological categories of female
  and male that are differentiated by genes,
  hormones, reproductive organ.
• Gender refers to the social categories of female
  and male that are differentiated by psychological
  characteristic or role expectations
• Traits and behaviors related to a gender might
  vary from culture to culture or across situations.

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Perbedaan Sex dan Gender
Keterangan Contoh
Sex Sex refer to biological differences, chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external organs Perempuan dapat menstruasi, laki-laki tidak. Laki-laki mempunyai testicles, perempuan tidak . Perempuan mempunyai payudara yang pada umumnya membesar dan dapat digunakan untuk menyusui
Gender Masculine and feminine Gender describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine. Laki-laki bertugas untuk mencari nafkah, sementara perempuan bertugas mengurus rumah tangga Di Arab Saudi, perempuan tidak diijinkan untuk mengemudi
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Gender Role

• In most societies, the male role is described as
  agentic-getting thing done
• In most societies, the female role is described
  as expressive and communal keeping the group
  together and content
• Gender roles (expectations of behavior) are not
  static (vary by geography, history,
  race/ethnicity, social class, situation)

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J. Ann Tickner

• J. Ann Tickner is a tenured faculty member at
  the School of International Relations at the
  University of Southern California, where she is
  one of the world's foremost scholars in the field
  of gender and international relations.
• Books
• Gender in International Relations Feminist
  Perspectives on Achieving International Security.
  
• Gendering World Politics Issues and Approaches
  in the Post-Cold War World

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Cynthia Enloe

• Ph.D. from the University of California/Berkeley,
  has served as chair of Clarks Government
  Department and Director of Womens Studies.
• Professor Enloe is currently a Research Professor
  in the IDCE Department and teaches the intensive
  seven-week seminar, Gender, Militarization, and
  Development.

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Cynthia Enloe

• Bananas, Beaches and Bases Making Feminist Sense
  of International Politics, Ewing, New Jersey,
  U.S.A. Univ of California Pr, 1990 This
  global investigation of the oppression of women
  maintains that notions of femininity and
  masculinity serve international political systems
  and their policy makers.

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Christine Sylvester

• Christine Sylvester , Feminist International
  Relations An Unfinished Journey, Cambridge
  Studies in International Relations, 2002.

• SynopsisIn this book, Christine Sylvester
  examines the history of feminists' efforts to
  include gender relations in the study of
  international relations.
• Tracing the author's own 'journey' through the
  subject, as well as the work of other leading
  feminist scholars, the book examines theories,
  methods, people and locations which have been
  neglected by conventional scholarship.
• It will be of interest to scholars and students
  of international relations, women's and gender
  studies, and postcolonial studies.

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Jean Elshtain

• Books
• Public Man, Private Woman Women in Social
  Thought The Family in Political Thought
• Women and War

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• Imperial brotherhood gender and the making of
  Cold War foreign policy
• USA Foreign relations 1945-1989  
• Masculinity Foreign Policy-

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Manly StatesMasculinities, International
Relations, and Gender Politics

• Charlotte Hooper
• "Hooper goes beyond established feminist
  critiques of a masculinized IR as she examines
  the role of IR in shaping, defining, or
  legitimizing masculinity. . . . Her sophisticated
  analysis, demonstrating that masculinized notions
  dominate IR and that
• IR plays a significant role in creating and
  maintaining masculine identities, makes this a
  major contribution for upper-division
  undergraduates and above."

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SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH