Social Changes in the US 1800-1850

1
Social Changes in the US1800-1850

• HUSH
• Unit 4

2
Second Great Awakening

• Second Great Awakening continued- rejection of
  Puritan beliefs and more emphasis on the idea
  that God allowed people to make own decisions.
• Charles Grandison Finney- NY Presbyterian
  minister/lawyer- common sense religion
• Lyman Beecher- revivalist- reformist-
  abolitionist-
• father of Harriet Beecher Stowe

3
The Transcendentalists-

• The Transcendentalists- to rise above- humans
  are naturally good- moral lives can make society
  better- good works can defeat evil
• Ralph Waldo Emerson- leader of movement-
  Unitarian pastor
• Character is higher than intellect... A great
  soul will be strong to live, as well as to think.
  
• Do not go where the path may lead, go instead
  where there is no path and leave a trail.
• Live in the sunshine, swim the sea, drink the
  wild air

4
Transcendentalism (European Romanticism)

• Liberation from understanding and the
  cultivation of reasoning.

• Transcend the limits of intellect and allow
  the emotions, the soul,to create an original
  relationshipwith the Universe.

5
Henry David Thoreau-

• Henry David Thoreau- student of Emerson- author,
  poet, philosopher, and abolitionist best known
  for Walden or Life in the Woods and 18 essays
  about his life in the wilderness of Concord MA.
  Also known for Civil Disobedience, an essay
  recalling his revolt against paying taxes for the
  Mexican War.

6
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/WritersConcord,
MA
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Nature(1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience(1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden(1854)
The American Scholar (1837)
R3-1/3/4/5
7
Thoreau Quotations

• Go confidently in the direction of your dreams!
  Live the life you've imagined. As you simplify
  your life, the laws of the universe will be
  simpler.
• Do not be too moral. You may cheat yourself out
  of much life. Aim above morality. Be not simply
  good be good for something.
• If you would convince a man that he does wrong,
  do right. Men will believe what they see.
• Men are born to succeed, not fail.
• I know of no more encouraging fact than the
  unquestioned ability of a man to elevate his life
  by conscious endeavor.

8
Public Education-

• Public education was better in the North than
  South and middle states
• Reformers wanted working class children educated
  by tax-supported public schools
• Differentiated grade levels became widespread
• Free public schools became norm in North

9
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Father of American Education

• children were clay in the hands of teachers
  and school officials

• children should be molded into a state of
  perfection

• discouraged corporal punishment

• established state teacher- training programs

R3-6
10
Prison Reform-

• Dorothea Dix
• Reformer
• wanted prisons cleaned up and regulated
• Homes for mentally ill established in north

11
Utopian Communities-

• Utopia is a pun meaning both "good place" and "no
  place.
• Based on book by the British author- Sir Thomas
  More.
• 19th century utopian communities tried to change
  the way man lived and create a perfect society

12
(No Transcript)
13
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

• Millenarianism --gt the 2nd coming of Christ
  had already occurred.

• Humans were no longer obliged to follow the
  moral rules of the past.

• all residents married to each other.

• carefully regulated free love.

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
14
New Harmony, Indiana

• Robert Owen established a communistic colony in
  New Harmony, IN that gained prominence as a
  cultural and scientific center and attracted many
  noted scientists, educators, and writers.
• Dissension arose, and in 1828 the community
  ceased to exist as a distinct enterprise,
  although the town remained an intellectual
  center.

15
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
The Actual New Harmony in 1832
16
Brook Farm

• An experimental farm at West Roxbury, Mass.,
  based on cooperative living.
• The members of Brook Farm believed that they
  could create a utopian microcosm of society that
  would eventually serve as a model for and
  inaugurate the social macrocosm.
• Physical labor was perceived as a condition of
  mental well-being and health.
• They believed that manual labor was uplifting,
  and thus, every member, even the writers and
  poets, spent at least a few hours a day in
  physical effort.

17
The Shakers

• The name Shakers comes from Shaking Quakers was
  originally applied as a mocking description of
  their rituals of trembling, shouting, dancing,
  shaking, singing
• The Shakers established several communities in
  the US
• The first in 1776 at Nikayuna near Albany, NY
• The governing principals of the Shaker life
  included celibacy and agrarian communal living

18
The Shakers
19
Shaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be
free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought
to be,And when we find ourselves in the place
just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and
delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow
and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn
will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we
come round right.
20
Shaker Simplicity Utility
21
The Utopian Communities Clash!
IndividualFreedom
Demands ofCommunity Life

• spontaneity
• self-fulfillment

• discipline
• organizationalhierarchy

22
The Temperance Movement

• The Temperance Movement- the campaign to rid the
  US of demon rum
• Drunken lives wasted- lives of families impacted-
  Reformers theorized that all could be changed if
  alcohol was made illegal
• ME-passed law- reformers had an impact in
  educating public of dangers

23
The Temperance Movement
1826 - American Temperance SocietyFought against
Demon Rum!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
R1-6
24
Annual Consumption of Alcohol
25
The Drunkards Progress
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
26
Temperance in song and print
By the late 1820s, temperance groups were holding
public meetings and distributing prohibition
pamphlets and songs.
27
Opposition to temperance
I
Saloon owners, liquor distributors, and other
organizations that opposed the temperance
movement, published their own songs suggesting
that the prudes also enjoyed a drink from time
to time.
28
Abolitionist Movements

• Anti-slavery groups became mush more organized
  and committed in the 1830s-1840s.
• Founders of Abolitionist movements- Mennonites,
  Quakers, free blacks, northerners, women

29
Anti-Slavery Alphabet
30
Liberia

• African homeland established in western Africa
  for freed African-Americans
• Set up by African Colonization Society
• Not popular among most blacks
• Only 140,000 emigrated from US

31
William Lloyd Garrison

• Famous Boston abolitionist and publisher of The
  Liberator
• Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue
• Slavery undermined values.
• Wanted
• Immediate emancipation
• Helped get attention started a movement of
  radical abolitionists

32
The Liberator
Premiere issue ? January 1, 1831
R2-5
33
The Tree of SlaveryLoaded with the Sum of All
Villanies!
34
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

• Former slave who escaped Maryland and became
  famous writer and speaker
• Publisher of the North Star- an abolitionist
  newspaper-
• Became advisor to President Lincoln later in life

R2-12
35
Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)or Isabella Baumfree

• Became religious reformer who took on the cause
  of both women rights and abolition

1850 --gt The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
R2-10
36
The Underground Railroad

• A network of escape routes from the South to the
  North/Canada- secret stops along the way made for
  a safe route to freedom.
• Harriet Tubman led more than 300 slaves to
  freedom and earned the name Moses

37
The Underground Railroad

• Conductor leader of the escape
• Passengers escaping slaves
• Tracks routes
• Trains farm wagons transporting
  the escaping slaves
• Depots safe houses to rest/sleep

38
Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)

• Tubman suffered from seizures and blackouts due
  to a childhood injury that a slave-owner had
  inflicted on her-
• Let my people go
• I never lost a passenger

Moses

• 40,000 bounty on her head.
• Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

39
Resistance to Abolition

• North- Merchants opposed due to the idea it would
  harm business and cause competition for jobs
• Whites did not want blacks in neighborhoods ?
• South- believed that the south should be able to
  decide for itself- no federal rules on what they
  believed was a states rights issue
• Anger and fear at the Nat Turner rebellion
• Powerful Southern leaders invoked the gag rule in
  Congress which made it illegal to even speak or
  read abolitionist literature in Congress

40
Even Churches Split over Slavery

• American churches divided over the slavery issue
• The Methodist and Baptist churches split into two
  sides creating 2 churches in many towns
• Created Southern Baptists (Pro-slavery)
• Created Methodist Episcopal Church
  (Abolitionists)
• The South generally did not change in any large
  form by any reform movements
• The Northern abolitionists had to wait to Civil
  War for changes to happen

41
The Lack of Womens Rights

1. Unable to vote.
2. Legal status of a minor.
3. Single ? could own her own property.
4. Married ? no control over herproperty or her
   children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.
6. Couldnt make wills, sign a contract, or bring
   suit in court without her husbands permission.

42
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!
R2-8
43
Separate Spheres Concept
Cult of Domesticity

• A womans sphere was in the home (it was
  arefuge from the cruel world outside).
• Her role was to civilize her husband andfamily.

• An 1830s MA minister

The power of woman is her dependence. A woman
who gives up that dependence on man to become a
reformer yields the power God has given her for
her protection, and her character becomes
unnatural!
44
Slow Progress for Women

• Urbanization and industrialization changed the
  lives of women
• Many working class women worked outside the home
  in factories
• Catherine Beecher- daughter of abolitionist Lyman
  Beecher became an advocate for womens rights
• established a school for women interested in
  pursuing an education

45
Tactics Used for Equal Rights

• The reformists used boycotts, lectures,
  demonstrations
• Women reformers became involved in abolitionist
  movement because of the many parallels between
  the two groups
• 1840- The first World Anti-slavery Convention
  was held in London
• Women were not allowed to attend.
• This caused the birth of a powerful group of
  women who set out to change things

46
Important Women Reformers

• Sojourner Truth became powerful speaker for
  movements as well as Catherine Beecher, her
  sister Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Tubman
• Lucretia Mott- Quaker minister who housed runaway
  slaves
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Lawyer who fought for
  womens rights and abolition

47
R2-6/7
Womens Rights
1840 --gt split in the abolitionist movement
over womens role in it. London --gt World
Anti-Slavery Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
1848 --gt Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
48
The Seneca Falls Convention

• In Seneca Falls NY in 1848, a group of reformers
  met an presented a Declaration of Sentiments
  based on Declaration of Independence
• 12 Resolutions including suffrage for women
• Most Americans still believed a womens place was
  in the home
• Congress did not take the Seneca Falls
  Resolutions seriously
• However, it was step in the right direction

49
Declaration of Sentiments

• We hold these truths to be self-evident that all
  men and women are created equal that they are
  endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
  rights that among these are life, liberty, and
  the pursuit of happiness that to secure these
  rights governments are instituted, deriving their
  just powers from the consent of the governed.
  Whenever any form of government becomes
  destructive of these ends, it is the right of
  those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to
  it, and to insist upon the institution of a new
  government, laying its foundation on such
  principles, and organizing its powers in such
  form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect
  their safety and happiness

50
Womens Rights Take a Back SeatFor Now

• After Seneca Falls, society became a bit more
  accepting of some rights for women
• Girls began to be educated
• Colleges accepted women
• But men and women reformers put the issue of
  slavery on the front burner
• Womens rights had to wait until after the Civil
  War and late 19th century-early 20th

51
Immigration

• Immigration Issues appeared because of the rising
  numbers of immigrants
• Most came from northern Europe
• Ireland and Germany
• 1820s- 129k
• 1830s-540k
• 1840s- 2.8 million!!!!

52
Irish Immigrants-

• In the mid 1840s the Irish Potato Famine hit the
  Emerald Isle and devastated the islands crops
  and way of life
• It was a blight that turned potatoes black
• Many Irish fled and moved to Boston and New York
  and became naturalized American citizens
• Took labor, working class jobs- and policemen-
  established a place in the northeast
• Working class people- no real education or skills
• Most became Democrats Its that common man theme
  again!

53
A third of the Potato Crop was wiped out in
Ireland
54
The Great Hunger
55
German Immigrants

• Rebellions in Europe as a result of local wars
  and the Protestant Reformation scattered many
  Germans to England and then to the US
• Many Germans settled in the East and Midwest
• Most were German Catholics had been discriminated
  against in Protestant Europe and came looking for
  a new home and new life
• Most were hard-working
• Some were working class but others were middle
  class
• Different than Irishblended more quickly

56
The Fight Gets Political

• Political parties were formed to fight the influx
  of too many immigrants
• American Republican Party
• Tried to pass a law establishing a 21 year old
  age requirement for immigrants
• It didnt pass

57
The Divisions Widen

• Economics
• Alcohol
• Immigration
• Womens rights
• Slavery
• Religion
• Ethnic groups
• Social morals

What were the two sides of these important
issues?
58
Immigration Issues in US

• Many immigrants faced discrimination by real
  Americans
• Religious and economic differences
• Do these sound familiar?
• Are they taking jobs?
• Should we be paying to educate their children?
• Are they causing the wrong party to be
  elected??
• Do they believe the Pope should run the country
  from Rome?