The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System
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Respiration Physiology

• The process by which oxygen is supplied to the
  cells and used.
• External-movement of gas between the atmosphere
  and the lungs.
• Internal-utilization of oxygen by the cells to
  produce energy.
• Gases and Gas Laws
• Respiration is dependent on the gas laws.
• Gases-moves from high pressure to lower pressure
  or high concentration to lower.

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• Pressure-an increase in pressure indicates a
  decrease in volume
• Volume- an increase in volume indicates a
  decrease in pressure
• Pressure and volume are inversely related
• P1V1P2V2
• As pressure increases in lungs, volume decreases
  by air moving out.
• As pressure decreases, volume increases by air
  moving in.

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INTERNAL RESPIRATION
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
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• Inspiration-air moves into the lungs.
• diaphragm relaxes/drops, pressure inside lungs
  decreases, air moves in.
• Expiration-air moves out of lungs.
• diaphragm contracts/raises, pressure inside lungs
  increases, pushes air out.

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Gas Exchange

• Alveoli-structure of gas exchange, 300 million in
  a lung
• Capillaries surround alveoli and carry blood to
  and from lungs where gas exchange occurs. CO2 is
  released and O2 is picked up.

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Alveolus and capillary exchanging gases
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Cell and capillary exchanging CO2
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Capillary and cells exchanging O2
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• Hemoglobin molecule in blood, binds four oxygen
  molecules at Fe (iron) binding sites. Carries
  oxygen through body and removes carbon dioxide.
• Concentration gradients- driving force of gas
  exchange.
• O2 into alveoli from inhalation diffuses into
  blood
• CO2 from blood diffuses into alveoli

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Carbon Dioxides Role

• CO2 is carried in three ways
• Dissolved in the blood plasma.
• Bound to hemoglobin (in red blood cell)
• As a bicarbonate ion in plasma
• CO2 H2O? H2CO3? H HCO3-
• Carbon water carbonic
  hydrogen bicarbonate
• Dioxide acid
  ion ion
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  (ACIDIC)
• This is called a buffering system
• Controls the pH of the blood (how acidic it is)
  based on amount of CO2
• Determines if rapid breathing is needed to
  release CO2 and increase O2.