The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System

• Just Breathe!

2
Interesting Facts

• The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
• We lose half a litre of water per day breathing.
• At rest, the average adult takes in and breathes
  out 6 litres of air each minute.

3
Breathing Experiments

• Page 287 - Hold your breath
• Page 287 - Breaths per minute
• The average adult takes 12 breaths/min
• In an average lifetime (74 years), does a person
  take more breaths or heartbeats?
• Heartbeats! 3 billion to 600 million breaths!
• Hold nose and breathe
• Bend forward and breathe
• Hold your ribs!

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The Respiratory System

• Respiration
• all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen
  and carbon dioxide between cells the environment

5
The Respiratory System

• For Animal, Respiration Has 2 Purposes
• To get oxygen (O2) to its cells
• To get rid of excess carbon dioxide (CO2)

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Types of Respiration (P.289)

• External Respiration In our Lungs!
• gas exchange between blood and the surrounding
  air (Diffusion)

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Types of Respiration

• Internal Respiration In our cells!
• gas exchange between blood and cells (by
  diffusion also)
• Provides O2 for Cellular Respiration

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Circulation of Oxygen

• Red Blood cells are O2 Taxis
• They contain Hemoglobin!
• When blood has a low O2 (deoxygenated) the
  hemoglobin is dark red/purple!
• When blood has high O2 (oxygenated) the
  hemoglobin is bright red!

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The LUNGS

• Massive amount of surface areaincreased gas
  exchange efficiency!
• Ave. surface area 70m2
• Spread out flat, the lungs would provide enough
  space for seven cars!
• The word lung comes from the Greek word meaning
  light. Lungs are the only human organs light
  enough to float!
• The average male will breathe out enough air over
  his lifetime to fill 250 two-person hot air
  balloons!
• Thats a lot of hot air Ba dum bump!

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Structures
Youve got 200
Label Them! GO!!!
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Structures
145
12
Structures
130
13
Structures
115
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Structures
100
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Structures
045
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Structures
030
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Structures
015
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Structures
Times Up!!! 000

1. Nose
2. Mouth
3. Larynx
4. Lung
5. Rt. Bronchus
6. Diaphragm
7. Pharynx
8. Trachea
9. Lt. Bronchus
10. Bronchiole
11. Alveoli

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External Respiration Fxns!

• Nasal Passage Air is warmed, humidified and
  filtered cleaned by cilia and mucous lining.
• Oral Cavity Passage of air
• Pharynx Common pathway for air and food.
• Larynx Adams apple. Produces sound (vocal
  cords)
• Trachea Epiglottis opens allowing air to move
  down the cilia and mucous-lined trachea to one of
  two bronchi, heading to the lungs.

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External Respiration Fxns!

• Bronchi Main branches of the trachea
• Divide to form bronchioles, and air eventually
  reaches tiny air sacs called alveoli.
• Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli O2 moving
  into the blood, and CO2 moving out.
• Oxygen is distributed to the cells of the body
  via the blood (pumped by the heart!)
• Ribs protect the lungs and heart, aid in
  breathing.
• Lungs major organ of respiration (duh!)

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Gas Exchange _at_ the Alveoli

• Each alveolus is only one cell thick and is very
  moist. This facilitates diffusion!
• 240 alveolar membranes stacked together would
  only be as thick as a sheet of paper!
• Each lung contains 150 million alveoli!

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Alveoli Air Sacs!
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External Respiration

• 2 Phases
• Inspiration
• diaphragm contracts and moves downward
  (flattens), volume increases, creating low
  pressure and drawing air in
• Expiration
• diaphragm relaxes, volume decreases, creating
  high pressure, forcing air out

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The Diaphragm!
Complete Diaphragm Worksheet!!
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Breathing Physiology

• Quickly complete worksheet (use P. 297)
• Tidal Volume Demo
• Vital Capacity Quick Experiment!
• Vital Capacity can be
• - Increased by training (i.e. swimmers 6L)
• - Decreased by smoking!

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Feedback Regulation

• The Medulla Oblongata is the control centre in
  the brain!
• CO2 levels in the blood increase, making the
  blood acidic.
• Chemoreceptors in the aorta and other large
  arteries sense this change and relay a message to
  the brain.
• Brain sends a message to the diaphragm and
  intercostal muscles of ribs to increase breathing
  rate.
• Homeostasis is restored!

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Diseases Health Problems

• Obstructive Diseases (e.g., Emphysema,
  Bronchitis, Asthma)
• Restrictive Diseases (e.g., Cystic Fibrosis,
  Alveolar Damage)
• Vascular Diseases (e.g., Pulmonary Edema)
• Infectious Diseases (e.g., Pneumonia, Influenza,
  Tuberculosis)
• Environmental Irritants (e.g., Asbestos,
  Particulate Pollutants, SMOKING!)
• F.Y.I. Coughing is of major importance, as
  it is the bodies main method to remove dust,
  mucus, saliva, and other debris from the lungs.
  Inability to cough can lead to infection.

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Treatment Options

• Asthma Caused by contracting muscles that
  surround bronchi. Air movt is restricted.
• Puffers contain bronchodilators that relax the
  muscles.

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Treatment Options

• Bronchitis Emphysema- Mucous layers are broken
  down, dirt/particles collect in lungs and damage
  alveoli.
• Caused by smoking and other environmental
  irritants (Darts contain 4000 chemicals!).
• Must use a portable O2 delivery system to
  compensate for less gas exchange surface.

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Any one for a smoke?
31
Altitude Sickness

• High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (fluid in the
  lungs) - persistent dry cough, fever and
  shortness of breath even when resting
• HAPE can lead to
• High Altitude Cerebral Edema (swelling of the
  brain) - headache that does not respond to
  analgesics, unsteady walking, increasing vomiting
  and gradual loss of consciousness

Mount Everest 8 848 m (29 028 ft)
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Mount Everest

• May 12, 2006 Ed Viesturs became the first
  American to summit all 14 8000m peaks without the
  use of supplemental oxygen!!
• "I am nothing more than a single narrow gasping
  lung, floating over the mists and summits."
  Reinhold Messner
• Above 8000m is called the Death Zone
• As of 2004, 2,238 people had reached the summit
  (1,148 of them since 1998) and 186 people have
  died trying!

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HAPE- Treatment

• Acclimatize Climb high, Sleep Low
• Get to lower altitudes quickly!