Age of Revolutions

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Age of Revolutions

• Napoleon and the Congress System

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The Terror Begins

• The Reign of Terror filtered out of the second
  wave of the revolutionJacobins!
• Main goal was to protect the new Republic
• The Committees job was to over see affairs of
  France.

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Vive la France!

• The Committee of Public Safety led the way in the
  protection of the Republic.
• - Maximilien Robespierre
• - Jacques Danton
• - Lazare Carnot

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Robespierre

• 1758-1794
• Left-wing Jacobin
• Supported the sans culottes
• Ruler during the Terror
• Festival of the Supreme Being

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To Arms!!!

• Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety
  issued the levee en masse.
• Revolutionary expectations--protect the REPUBLIC!
  
• Robespierre answer was put terror into their
  hearts!

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The Policies

• Exclusion of Women from politics
• De-Christianization of France
• - Supreme Being
• Revolutionary Tribunals against enemies of the
  republic
• - Guillotine

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Thermidorian Reaction

• July 27, 1794 a tempering of the revolution
  began.
• Goal was to quell the heated battles of the
  Terror
• Institute rule and law
• Ban violent groups like the Commune
• Restructure the government

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The Directory

• Constitution of the Year III (1795)
• Legislature of two houses (Bicameral)
• - Council of Elders
• - Council of Five Hundred
• Executive Body was a five person directory.

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Napoleons Rise to Power

• The Directory under the new Constitution gave a
  lot of power to the military.
• Assisted in putting down the monarchist coup
  detat in 1795 and saved the Republic.

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Military Victories

• Early on Napoleon was very successful.
• 1797 - Treaty of Campo Formio controlled
  Switzerland and Italy.
• 1798 - Invaded Egypt

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State of France

• The Directory encounters problems
• - Economic Crisis
• - The International War
• Constitution of Year VIII - Abbe Sieyes employed
  Napoleon to stage a coup detat on November 9,
  1799 (18 Brumaire).
• confidence from below, power from above.

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The Consulate

• 1799 - Napoleon became First Consul
• 1799-1804 - Napoleon secured power as the ruling
  figure in France.
• Napoleon began his consulate by establishing
  peace among his enemies.
• He weeded out any opposition and took absolute
  rule.

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Protector of the Republic?

• Quickly Napoleon established a balance of power
  by applying democratic principles, such as
• Destroyed Feudal Privileges
• Security of Property for the Middle Class
• Universal Male Suffrage

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Treaties

• 1801- Treaty of Luneville took Austria out of the
  war.
• 1802- Treaty of Amiens brought peace to Europe,
  including Britain.
• 1802 - Concordat in Rome brought peace with the
  pope and the church.

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Napoleonic Code

• 1802 - Napoleon became Consul for Life and then
  led France into a codification of laws.
• 1804 - Napoleonic Code helped establish a
  Dynasty.
• Emperor Napoleon I - December 2, 1804.

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An Upstart Soldier

• Between 1804 -1807, Napoleon wraps the European
  Continent in war.
• Very successful on land, but no match for Britain
  on the sea.
• October 21, 1805 Battle of Trafalgar Horatio
  Nelsen

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Conquering Europe

• On land, Napoleons army was brilliant.
• Battle of Austerlitz 1805 made Napoleon master of
  all German lands.
• Treaty of Pressburg made Napoleon the king of
  Italy.

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Battle of Austerlitz
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Political Changes

• In July 1806, Napoleon organized the
  Confederation of the Rhine and dissolved the HRE.
  
• Battle of Jena 1806, he defeats the Prussians
• By 1807, Napoleon was master of all German Lands.
  
• Treaty of Tilsit July 7, 1807 made Prussia and
  Russia allies of Napoleon.

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A Dictator of Sorts

• Napoleon transformed Europe into a Continental
  System.
• Instituted Reforms wherever he ruled.
• -Napoleonic Code
• -Freed serfs and peasants
• -social distinctions

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Pyrrhic Dance

• Several factors led to the war between France and
  Russia
• 1. Breaking the Treaty of Tilsit
• 2. Failed marriage negotiations
• 3. The Continental System
• By 1810, Tsar Alexander declared war on the
  French Empire.

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A Dead End War

• Napoleons Grand Army greatly outnumbered the
  Russians.
• The invasion, however, did not favor Napoleon.
• Russians employed a scratch and burn tactic.

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Russian Preparation
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Battle of Borodino
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Moscow, 1812
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European Coalition

• Metternich rounded up a coalition to rid Napoleon
  of European dominance.
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain
• Battle of Nations, in 1814 forced Napoleon to
  abdicate and flee to Elba.

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The Congress of Vienna

• Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh Prince
  Metternich headed the congress.
• Treaty of Chaumont March 9, 1814
• - Restoration of Bourbons
• - Quadruple Alliance

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The Hundred Days

• On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned to France and
  seized power.
• The Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw and
  went after him.
• June 18, 1815 - Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo
  and sent into exile on St. Helena.

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Battle of Waterloo
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Napoleons Legacy

• Napoleons reign following the revolutionary
  government showed the power of the nationhood,
  which inspired Europe.
• Birth of the Age of Ideologies
• Romanticism, Nationalism, Liberalism

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Bourbon Restoration

• Louis XVIII - political realist
• Constitutional Monarchy established
• The Charter
• Ultraroyalism - White Terror

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Nationalism

• The belief that a nation is composed of people
  who are joined by common bonds.
• Opposed the Congress of Vienna
• The notion of popular sovereignty
• The Nation and Nationhood.

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Nations on the Rise

• Developed a national language that did away
  with dialects.
• The Printed Word
• Nationhood as way to bridge together people of an
  ethnic group.
• Nationalists put pressure on Empires

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Liberalism

• Liberalism grew out of the nineteenth century
  political turmoil.
• Seeped in Enlightenment ideals.
• Wanted Constitutions and political freedom.
• Responsible Government

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Political Economic Goals

• Wanted boarder political participation, but not
  democracy.
• Privilege based on wealth and property.
• The rising middle-class
• Laissez-faire Economics

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Conservatism

• The domestic political order among European
  countries tended to be conservative in form
  principle.
• Pillars of conservatism were legitimate
  monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established
  churches.

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Epitome of Conservatism
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Conservative Tenets

• Opposed the rule of popular sovereignty and
  economic liberty.
• Limited constitutions - power control by
  monarchies aristocracies.
• The alliance system

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Universities

• Several student groups rise up supporting the
  cause of nationalism.
• Burchenschaften - Germany
• Karl Sand 1819-20 became a martyr for the
  student nationalist groups.

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Sand murders Kotzebue
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Sands Execution
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Carlsbad Decrees

1. Government officials appointed to each University
   
2. No teacher/professor allowed to serve as a
   government official
3. Banned secret societies and organizations
4. Rule of expulsion

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Problems in England

• Lord Liverpools Ministry Popular Unrest
• Poor Law and Unions
• The Peterloo massacre 1819
• The Six Acts Parliamentary Reform

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St. Peters Field 1819
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Six Acts

• Forbade large public meetings
• Raised fines for seditious libel
• Speedy trial for political agitators
• Increased newspaper tax
• Prohibited the training of armed groups
• Allowed local officials to search homes on
  suspicion.

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The Congress System

• 1815-1822 European international relations were
  controlled by congresses.
• 1815 Vienna Concert of Europe
• 1818 Aix-la-Chapelle
• 1820 Troppau
• 1821 Laibach
• 1822 Verona

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Congress of Vienna

• Metternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe
  was maintained.
• Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies.
• Mutual consultation of politics.

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Problems

• The aftermath of the Congress of Vienna sparked a
  number of opposition uprisings.
• Crisis, Revolt, and Revolutions
• Reform Movements on both sides liberal and
  conservative

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Russian Dismay

• In 1825, Russia began to encounter a series of
  problems.
• Army developed reformist sympathies
• Secret Societies spring up and echo the liberal
  doctrine
• Change Russia --- Free the Serfs.

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The Decembrist Revolt

• Two crisis breakout in 1825.
• The First was Tsar Alexander died with no direct
  heir to the throne.
• Secondly, Moscow regiment of the Russian Army
  refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas.

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Tsar Nicholas I

• Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism
• Refused to abolish serfdom
• Reform Movements
• - Official Nationality
• - Codification of Russian Law

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Revolt in Poland

• In 1830, Poland began to ride the coat-tails of
  the revolutionary movements across Europe.
• Nicholas suppressed the revolt and issued the
  Organic Statute in 1832.
• Poland remained apart of the Russian Empire.

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Next Week

• Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail throughout
  Europe?
• What roles did liberals and nationalists play in
  the revolutions?
• Why did they sometimes clash?