Infectious Diseases

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Infectious Diseases Part 2

• Bacterial Diseases

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Bacterial Infectious Diseases

• Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms.

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Three types of Bacteria

• Bacillus rod shaped
• Coccus round
• Spirillum spiral shaped

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Whos Who?
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• Many bacteria are harmless to us but there are
  those strains that cause disease.
• We will now look at ten different diseases that
  are caused by bacteria.

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1.) Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis

• Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic
  animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels,
  antelopes, and other herbivores, but it can also
  occur in humans when they are exposed to infected
  animals or tissue from infected animals.
• Anthrax can infect one of three regions (next
  slide)

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• Skin Most (about 95) anthrax infections occur
  when the bacterium enters a cut or abrasion on
  the skin. Skin infection begins as a raised itchy
  bump that resembles an insect bite but within 1-2
  days develops into an ulcer, usually 1-3 cm in
  diameter, with a black dying area in the center.
  Lymph glands in the adjacent area may swell.
  About 20 of untreated cases of skin anthrax will
  result in death.

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• Inhalation Initial symptoms may resemble a
  common cold. After several days, the symptoms may
  progress to severe breathing problems and shock.
  Inhalation anthrax is usually fatal.
• Intestinal Caused when contaminated meat is
  eaten. It is followed by an inflammation of the
  intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss
  of appetite, vomiting, fever are followed by
  abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and severe
  diarrhea. Intestinal anthrax results in death in
  25 to 60 of cases.

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Anthrax
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When animals die from anthrax
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After the 9/11 attack letters that contained the
anthrax spore was sent to a few people, mainly
politicians and those in the media. Many people
that handled those letters became infected. Some
died.
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Since letters are carried through the mail, there
were postal workers that died handling the
letters. The postal service issued a 2.50
million dollar reward to find the person(s) that
sent the letters.
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Dr. Bruce Ivins
died in an apparent suicide on July 31
Ivins worked at the Army's biological warfare
defense labs at Fort Detrick, Md., for 35 years
until his death on Tuesday. He was one of the
government's leading scientists researching
vaccines and cures for anthrax exposure. But he
also had a long history of homicidal threats,
according to papers filed last week in local
court by a social worker..
.. Authorities were investigating whether Ivins,
who had complained about the limits of testing
anthrax drugs on animals, had released the toxin
to test the treatment on humans. -
FOXNews.com (August 2008)
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2.) Leprosy

• A disease that affects the skin, nerves, and
  mucous membranes.
• Today, India possesses the largest group of
  leprosy patients in the world at around 250,000
  people. Those that have this disease are
  ostracized and sent off to leprosy homes or
  colonies.

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Leprosy
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• There are two prevalent myths about leprosy, both
  of which are totally false
• The first is that leprosy is incurable. In
  truth, leprosy is treatable by using a regimen of
  drugs. The first real treatments for leprosy,
  using a drug called dapsone, were established in
  the 1940s. The World Health Organization (WHO)
  provides this Multi Drug Therapy (MDT) to any
  country in need as part of their ongoing efforts
  to eliminate leprosy as a world health problem.
• The second myth is that leprosy is extremely
  contagious. In actuality, most people are
  naturally immune to the disease, and for those
  that are not, transmission is still unlikely. It
  is estimated that more than 90 of the world's
  population possesses total immunity to leprosy.
  For those that are susceptible, close contact
  with infected persons, particularly those
  exhibiting strong signs of the disease, is
  recommended against. In no way, however, is
  transmission anywhere near as easy as most people
  believe -- simple contact with a leper is highly
  unlikely, if not outright impossible.

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3.) Pneumonia

• Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs.
• Over 3 million people develop pneumonia each year
  in the United States.
• Approximately 5 of people infected will die from
  pneumonia. Pneumonia is the sixth leading cause
  of death in the United States.

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Pneumonia in the lungs
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4.) Strep Throat

• Caused by the Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
• Common symptoms of strep throat are sudden sore
  throat, high fever, fatigue, swollen
  tonsils/lymph nodes. Symptoms of colds/flu that
  are usually not present in strep throat are cough
  runny nose.

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Strep Throat
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5.) Cholera

• Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by
  infection of the intestine with the bacterium
  Vibrio cholerae.
• Approximately one in 20 infected persons has
  severe cholrea characterized by profuse watery
  diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these
  persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to
  dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death
  can occur within hours.

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• A person may get cholera by drinking or eating
  contaminated water or food. In an epidemic, the
  source of the contamination is usually the feces
  of an infected person. The disease can spread
  rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of
  sewage and drinking water.

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Cholera
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6.) Typhoid Fever

• This bacteriuim lives only in humans. Persons
  with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their
  bloodstream and intestinal tract.
• You can get typhoid fever if you eat food or
  drink beverages that have been handled by a
  person who is shedding S. Typhi or if sewage
  contaminated with S. Typhi bacteria gets into the
  water you use for drinking or washing food.

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• Typhoid fever is more common in areas of the
  world where hand washing is less frequent and
  water is likely to be contaminated with sewage.
• Once S. Typhi bacteria are eaten or drunk, they
  multiply and spread into the bloodstream. The
  body reacts with fever and other signs and
  symptoms.
• Typhoid fever is common in most parts of the
  world except in industrialized regions such as
  the United States, Canada, western Europe,
  Australia, and Japan.

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Typhoid Fever
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7.) Tuberculosis (TB)

• This bacteria usually attack the lungs. But, TB
  bacteria can attack any part of the body such as
  the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated
  properly, TB disease can be fatal. TB disease was
  once the leading cause of death in the United
  States.

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• TB is spread through the air from one person to
  another. The bacteria are put into the air when a
  person with TB coughs or sneezes. People nearby
  may breathe in these bacteria and become
  infected.
• When a person breathes in TB bacteria, the
  bacteria can settle in the lungs and begin to
  grow. From there, they can move through the blood
  to other parts of the body, such as the kidney,
  spine, and brain.

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Tuberculosis
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8.) Syphilis

• A sexually transmitted disease that goes through
  four stages
• Primary 21 days (average) after infection sores
  appear. They last 3-6 weeks then go away.
• Secondary 6-8 weeks (average) a rash appears
  then goes away.
• Latent becomes dormant for many years
• Tertiary Begins anywhere from 10 to 50 years
  after infection.

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What happens in tertiary syphilis?

• Damage the internal organs, including the brain,
  nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones,
  and joints. Signs and symptoms of the late stage
  of syphilis include difficulty coordinating
  muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual
  blindness, and dementia. This damage may be
  serious enough to cause death.

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Primary Syphilis
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Secondary Syphilis
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Tertiary Syphilis
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Syphilis cannot be spread by

• contact with toilet seats
• doorknobs
• swimming pools
• hot tubs
• bathtubs
• shared clothing
• eating utensils

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How can a person get syphilis?

• direct contact with a syphilis sore.
• Pregnant women with the disease can pass it to
  the babies they are carrying.

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Top counties/cities in the US for (2008)
Syphilis http//www.cdc.gov/std/stats08/figures/34
.htm
Chlamydia http//www.cdc.gov/std/stats08/figures/4
.htm Gonorrhea http//www.cdc.gov/std/stats08/figu
res/17.htm
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9.) Salmonellosis

• Most persons infected with Salmonella develop
  diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72
  hours after infection.
• The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most
  persons recover without treatment.
• If it spreads to the bloodstream other organs
  become infected and death may result unless
  treated with antibiotics.

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How do I get Salmonellosis?

• Salmonella are usually transmitted to humans by
  eating foods contaminated with animal feces.
• Raw eggs, chicken, and reptiles often contain
  Salmonella bacteria.
• Prevention Washing hands and cooking thoroughly
  poultry products.

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10.) Botulism

• Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness
  caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the
  bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

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Three types of botulism

• Foodbourne (25 of cases) - caused by eating
  foods that contain the botulism toxin.
• Wound (3 of cases) - caused by toxin produced
  from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum.
• Infant (72 of cases) - caused by consuming the
  spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow
  in the intestines and release toxin.

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What are the symptoms of botulism?

• double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids,
  slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth,
  and muscle weakness.
• If untreated, these symptoms may progress to
  cause paralysis of the arms, legs, trunk and
  respiratory muscles. In foodborne botulism,
  symptoms generally begin 18 to 36 hours after
  eating a contaminated food.

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Wound Botulism
Foodbourne Botulism
Watch that can!
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Botox the latest fountain of youth
On a related note
The botulism toxin is used!
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• At this point, you may be wondering why anyone
  would want to have a botulinum toxin injected
  into his or her body. The answer is simple If an
  area of the body can't move, it can't wrinkle.
• The effects of the treatment are not permanent,
  reportedly lasting anywhere from three to eight
  months. By injecting the toxin directly into a
  certain muscle or muscle group, the risk of it
  spreading to other areas of the body is greatly
  diminished.

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Before you have that Botox Party

• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued
  statements warning of the possible hazards of
  "Botox parties." Whether used to treat medical
  conditions such as blepharospasm or strabismus or
  cosmetic concerns such as furrow lines, a Botox
  injection is a medical procedure that should be
  performed in a controlled medical environment.
  According to the FDA, administering this
  treatment during a cocktail party greatly
  diminishes the gravity of this medical procedure.
  There is always a risk of adverse reactions or
  side effects after a Botox injection, so
  patients need to be in a medical setting that is
  equipped to handle an emergency situation. And,
  the ingestion of alcohol at or around the time of
  injection could worsen any bruising at the
  injection site.