ENERGY SOURCES

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ENERGY SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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FOSSIL FUELSPROS CONS

• CHEAP
• ABUNDANT SUPPLY FOR NEXT 50 YEARS

• CONTRIBUTES TO GLOBAL WARMING
• NON RENEWABLE

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Energy Sources
can be classified as either
Renewable

• can be used over and over again because they can
  be replaced in a short period of time.

Nonrenewable

• After they are used once it will take a long time
  for them to be replenished, if at all

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Energy Sources Continued

• Renewable
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Hydropower from H2O
• Biomass from burning wood and organic material
• Geothermal

• Nonrenewable
• Fossil Fuels
• Oil, Natural Gas Coal
• Nuclear

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Looking at the next 2 slides, answer the
following questions

• In 1949, what source was used the most to
  generate electricity? 2nd ?
• When did we start using Nuclear to generate
  electricity?
• In 2006, what source is used the most to generate
  electricity? 2nd?
• How does 2006 compare to 1949?

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GENERATING ELECTRICTY AS A NATION 2001
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GENERATING ELECTRICITY IN TEXAS IN 2001
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The principles of electricity generation were
discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. He found
that moving a bar magnet through a wire coil
generated electricity. Modern generators are
more complex, but the difference is mainly one of
scale. Power stations range in size from single
wind driven devices to major industrial sites,
employing many hundreds of staff, but what they
are all doing is converting one kind of energy
into another. Different stations use a variety of
energy sources but they all generate electricity
in the same way.
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How does burning fossil fuels affect the
environment?
Fossil Fuels Effect on the Environment

• Contributes to the greenhouse effect (Global
  Warming)
• Contributes to acid rain
• Natural Gas does NOT pollute as much as Coal

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Why do we use coal/natural gas to generate
electricity?
Fossil Fuels Effect on the Environment (cont.)

• Cheaper because we have an abundant supply and
  our generating plants are set up to burn mainly
  coal.
• New generating plants would have to be built

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Fossil Fuels Effect on the Environment (cont.)
Power stations waste a lot of the energy in the
fossil fuels they burn. The best convert only
about 38 of it into electricity. Most of the
wasted energy is heat in the flue gases, and in
the water used to condense the steam as it leaves
the turbine cylinders.
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Coal in Texas is found as lignite which has a low
heating value and a high sulfur content.
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Energy Transformations for Coal Plants
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Energy Transformations for Coal Plants
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Energy Transformations for Coal Plants

• Coal is pulverized into dust
• Hot air blows coal dust into the furnace
• The dust burns like a gas and boils the water
• Superheated steam drives the turbines
• The generator produces electricity
• Steam is cooled and converted into water by the
  condenser
• The warm water is cooled by air blowing through
  the tower
• Water is recirculated to maximize use

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Energy Transformations for Coal Plants
Generating Electricity Using an Electromagnet
Generator
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Energy Transformations for Coal Plants

• CHEMICAL----HEAT-----MECHANICALELECTRICAL
• This same method can be used for the other types
  of fossil fuel plants (oil, natural gas, and
  other petroleum products).

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This is the rotor which was removed from the
generator shown above.
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Energy Conversions for Nuclear Power Plants
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
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Energy Conversions for Nuclear Power Plants
NUCLEAR REACTOR
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Energy Conversions for Nuclear Power Plants

1. Liquid in the primary loop is pass through the
   reactor and becomes superheated.
2. The liquid in the primary loop is then passed
   through a steam generator where it transfers heat
   to the water in the secondary loop.
3. Water in the secondary loop absorbs the heat
   energy from the primary loop and changes from a
   liquid to superheated gas (steam).
4. The steam then rises and is force through
   turbines which turn generators producing
   electricity.
5. The steam is then passed through a condenser that
   has cool water from an outside storage area
   (usually a lake or river) pumped through a
   tertiary loop which helps take the excess heat
   way condensing the steam back into a liquid in
   the secondary loop.
6. The water in the tertiary loop becomes steam
   itself as it absorbs the heat energy and is
   usually the smoke that is seen leaving the
   nuclear power plant.

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Energy Conversions for Nuclear Power Plants

• NUCLEAR---HEAT---MECHANICAL---ELECTRICAL

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Nuclear Waste

• During fission, very harmful radiation is
  released.
• The most harmful of which are gamma radiation.
• When the human body is exposed to radiation, it
  can cause tumors and can do extreme damage to the
  reproductive organs. For this reason, problems
  associated with radioactivity can be passed on to
  the victim's children as well.
• That is why radioactive waste produced by nuclear
  power plants is so dangerous.

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Nuclear Waste (cont.)

• After about 18 months in a reactor, fission
  begins to slow down, and the uranium rods must be
  replaced.
• It takes about 2 months to remove the old rods
  and place in the new ones.
• The used-up uranium rods are stuck in containers
  which are placed in swimming-pool sized tanks of
  water. In these tanks, the old rods lose some of
  their radioactivity and begin to cool down.
• However, many nuclear power plants are now
  running into the problem of their water tanks
  getting full of the rods, and are in need of a
  permanent storage place.

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Nuclear Waste (cont.)

• Many scientists have argued about a long term
  storage for our nuclear waste. Many think the
  waste should be placed in concrete containers and
  buried far beneath the Earth's surface. Others
  say that some of the waste should be loaded into
  rockets and shot at the sun.
• Some countries have already decided on their
  plans. Canada is currently looking at a plan to
  bury their radioactive waste underneath the
  Canadian Shield.
• The United States has buries their waste
  underground in Nevada where some nuclear
  experiments and tests are conducted.
• So far, continuing debates have prevented much of
  anything from being done about nuclear waste.
• Unfortunately, after buried underground, the
  nuclear waste can take millions of years to decay.

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PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS ON TOP OF A HOUSE
PH
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GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT DIAGRAM
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BEJING WIND GENERATOR BEING BUILT IN 2007 FOR
OLYMPICS 2008
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WIND GENERTORS IN HAWAII
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HOOVER DAM outside of Las Vegas, Nevada
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HYDROELECTRIC GENERATES 24 OF OUR ELECTRICITY
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Conserving our Energy Sources
Lets think of some ways we can conserve energy
in the following areas
1. Heating Cooling
2. Electricity
3. Gasoline
4. Reduce, Reuse Recycle