Air and Air Pollution

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Air and Air Pollution
Brian Kaestner Saint Marys Hall
Thanks to Miller and Clements
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Key Concepts

• Structure and composition of the atmosphere

• Types and sources of outdoor air pollution

• Types, formation, and effects of smog

• Sources and effects of acid deposition

• Effects of air pollution

• Prevention and control of air pollution

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The Atmosphere
Fig. 17.2, p. 418

• Troposphere

• 78 N, 21 O

• Stratosphere

• Ozone layer

• Greenhouse effect

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Outdoor Air Pollution

• Primary pollutants

• Secondary pollutants

• Fig. 17.4, p. 422
• See Table 17-1 p. 421
• See Table 17-2 p. 422

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40
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
30
20
Parts per million
10
0
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A.M.
Noon
P.M.
Time
Fig. 17.6, p. 424
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Photochemical Smog

• Brown-air smog

• Photochemicalreaction

• Photochemicaloxidants

Fig. 17.5, p. 424
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Industrial Smog
Fig. 17.7, p. 425

• Gray-air smog

Sea salt nuclei
Fly ash
Carbon black

• Industrial smog

Pollens
Paint pigments
Tobacco smoke
Cement dust

• Sulfuric acid

Milled flour
Combustion nuclei
Coal dust
Oil smoke

• Sulfur dioxide

Metallurgical dust and fumes
Photochemical smog
Insecticide dusts

• Particulates

Average particle diameter (micrometers or microns)
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LA - 1956
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Temperature Inversions

• Subsidence inversion

• Radiation inversion

Fig. 17.8, p. 426
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Inversion layer
Mountain range
Fig. 17.8b, p. 426
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Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid
Deposition

• Acid deposition

• Wet deposition

• Dry deposition

Fig. 17.9, p. 428
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Acid Deposition in the US
Fig. 17.10, p. 428
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Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils
Potential problem areas because of air
pollution emissions leading to acid deposition
Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)
Fig. 17.11, p. 429
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Acid Deposition and Humans

• Respiratory diseases

• Toxic metal leaching

• Decreased visibility

• Damage to structures, especially containing
  limestone

• Decreased productivity and profitability of
  fisheries, forests, and farms

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Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems

• Fish declines

• Undesirable species

• Aluminum toxicity

• Acid shock

Fig. 17.13, p. 430
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Acid Deposition, Plants, and Soil

• Nutrient leaching

• Heavy metal release

• Weakens trees

• Fig. 17.14, p. 432
• See Connections p. 431

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Solutions Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution

• Clean Air Act

• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

• Primary and secondary standards

• Output control vs. input control

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Emission Reduction
Fig. 17.21, p. 442
Fig. 17.22, p. 442
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Dirty gas
Clean water
Dirty water
Fig. 17.22d, p. 442
Wet Scrubber
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Dirty gas
Fig. 17.22c, p. 442
Cyclone Separator
Dust discharge
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Cleaned gas
Dirty gas
Fig. 17.22b, p. 442
Baghouse Filter
Dust discharge
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Indoor Air Pollution/Sick Building Syndrome
Fig. 17.16, p. 435
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Radon

• Radon-222

• 4 picocurie level

• Occurs in certain areas based on geology

• Associated with uranium and organic material in
  rock

Fig. 17.17, p. 436
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Reducing IndoorAir Pollution
Fig. 17.24, p. 443
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