18-1 History of Taxonomy

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18-1 History of Taxonomy

• Taxonomy
• Branch of biology that names and groups
  organisms according to their characteristics and
  evolutionary history.
• Aristotle was first to devise a scheme.
• Plants were based on differences in stems
• Animals were based on where they lived

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Taxonomy

• However, this was not good enough because common
  names change from one locale to another. So
  another scheme was invented which is still used
  today. This was made by Carolus Linnaeus.

• Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish
• Used organisms morphology (form and
  structure).
• Devised 7 different levels of organization.

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Levels of Organization

• Kingdom (largest category)
• Phylum (uses Division for plants)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species (smallest category) single type.

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Binomial Nomenclature

•  System scientists use to identify
  organisms.
•   Gives species name (scientific name).
•   2 part name
• genus
• species
• (species identifier)

• Always Latin so that all scientists in the world
  are able to identify organisms by the same name.

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Binomial Nomenclature

•       Ex. Humans
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo (italics and capital)
• Species sapiens (italics and
  lower case)

• "King Philip came over for good spaghetti."

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Modern taxonomists consider the evolutionary
  history (phylogeny) of the organism.

• Smaller subsets
• Genus
• Species
• Subspecies (animals of same species)
• Genus
• Species
• Variety (plants of same species)