1
Simple Organisms
2
Is a virus a living thing?

• Viruses, although not technically living due to
  the lack of cellular structure, are classified as
  microorganisms.

3
Viruses- Not living

• Living Cell

• Virus

• Asexual or sexual
• DNA
• Yes
• Yes
• Yes

• Reproduction- only with a host cell
• Genetic code- DNA or RNA
• Growth/ development- NO
• Obtain and use energy- NO
• Response to environment- NO
• Change overtime- Yes

4
Virus- Latin poison

• Have nucleic acids, protein, and come have lipids
• But they ARE NOT living
• Core RNA or DNA that is surrounded by protein
  coat
• Will bind to a receptor on the host
• and infect their DNA into the host

5
Is a virus a living thing?

• Viruses are composed of a protein coat (called a
  capsid) that protects a nucleic acid - either DNA
  or RNA.
• The shape of the capsid determines the type of
  cell the virus can infect.

6
Is a virus a living thing?

• A virus can only exist by infecting a host cell.
• Viruses are classified by the reproductive cycle
  it uses to infect the host cell.

Virus
7
Fill It In

• Name 2 reasons that viruses are not considered
  living things
• 1.
• 2.

8
Is a virus a living thing?

• 1. The lytic cycle describes the life cycle in
  which a virus uses the host cell to make copies
  of itself, then quickly kills the host cell as
  new virus copies are released.

9
Lytic Cycle
https//www.youtube.com/watch?v3DP-MAhr0YY

• Make copies of itself and infect host cell
• Cell cannot tell the difference between virus
  DNA and its own
• Will transcribe and translate viral DNA
• Viral DNA and protein will eventually chop and
  KILL the host cell
• Only after hundred of copies of the virus was made

10
Is a virus a living thing?

• 2. The lysogenic cycle describes the life cycle
  in which the virus has a dormant stage in which
  the virus remains inactive within the cell.
• This dormant period may last for weeks, months,
  or years.
• An environmental trigger may cause the viral DNA
  to emerge from the host DNA and begin a lytic
  cycle of reproduction.

11
Lysogenic

• Will integrate itself into the host DNA
• Will remain dormant for some time
• It will eventually replicate itself along with
  the host DNA

12
Fill It In

• Using the diagram, explain how lytic and
  lysogenic are different

13
How a virus works
14
Is a virus a living thing?

• Viruses are pathogenic, or disease-causing
  microorganisms

15
Is a virus a living thing?

• HIV causes AIDS.
• HIV infects T-cells, which are important for the
  immune response.
• Thus, people with AIDS often die of opportunistic
  infections, such as pneumonia.

16
Is a virus a living thing?

• Several different viruses cause influenza (the
  flu).
• The influenza viruses mutate rapidly, meaning the
  actual virus being spread changes with each
  outbreak.

17
Is a virus a living thing?

• Flu epidemics are caused by viruses that are
  genetically different enough from earlier years
  viruses that people have little immunity to them.

18
(No Transcript)
19
Is a virus a living thing?

• Influenza viruses infect respiratory cells.
• The lysis of these cells leads to some of the
  typical symptoms of the flu, such as sore throat
  and congestion.

20
Is a virus a living thing?

• A poxvirus causes smallpox.
• Special efforts have eradicated the smallpox
  disease however samples of the smallpox virus
  were kept for study and are currently stored at
  the CDC in Atlanta.

21
Is a virus a living thing?

• Smallpox starts in the cells of the lymph nodes
  and lungs, then moves into other internal organs
  and the skin.
• Symptoms include severe headaches, muscle ache,
  and pustules on the skin.

22
Virus Prevention and Treatment

• Vaccines can be developed for viral diseases. A
  vaccine uses a dead or weakened form of the virus
  to turn on the immune response so that
  antibodies are produced.

23
Virus Prevention and Treatment

• Vaccines can be developed for viral diseases. A
  vaccine uses a dead or weakened form of the virus
  to turn on the immune response so that
  antibodies are produced.

24
Virus Prevention and Treatment

• Active immunity to a virus is conferred by a
  vaccine or by exposure to the virus itself.
• Passive immunity is conferred when antibodies are
  passed between individuals (ie. through breast
  milk).
• Antiviral medications work by interrupting the
  viruss life cycle. Antibiotics are NOT
  effective against viruses!

25
Vaccines

• Resembles disease causing agent
• Made from weakened or dead microbe
• Stimulates immune system and creates memory cells

26
Active immunity

• Production of antibodies by an organism after an
  encounter
• Natural- Due to infection
• Artificial- Vaccination

27
Passive Immunity

• Acquisition if antibodies from another organism
• Natural- pass from mother to child during
  placenta or breast milk
• Artificial- Immune serum or antivenom

28
Viruses and Natural Selection

• Viruses often mutate rapidly, meaning the actual
  virus being spread changes with each outbreak.

29
Viruses and Natural Selection

• 2.Mutations in the HIV virus make developing a
  treatment or vaccine difficult. Viruses that are
  resistant due to mutations can survive and
  reproduce by natural selection.
• 3.Flu epidemics are caused by viruses that are
  genetically different enough from earlier years
  viruses that people have little immunity to
  them.

30
Fill It In

• Identify 3 viral diseases
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

31
Check Yourself!

1. What are the two parts of a virus?
2. What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses?
3. What is a pathogen?
4. What type of cell does HIV infect?
5. Why is there a different flu virus each year?

32
Check Yourself!

• What are the two parts of a virus?
• CAPSID (PROTEIN COAT)
• NUCLEIC ACID (DNA OR RNA)

33
Check Yourself!

• What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses?
• LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE

34
Check Yourself!

• What is a pathogen?
• DISEASE-CAUSING MICROORGANISM

35
Check Yourself!

• What type of cell does HIV infect?
• T-CELLS

36
Check Yourself!

• Why is there a different flu virus each year?
• IT RAPIDLY MUTATES

37
Are all bacteria bad?

• All bacteria are classified in the kingdoms
  Eubacteria and Archeabacteria.
• They are differentiated by the chemicals found in
  the bacterial cell wall.
• They are all unicellular and prokaryotic.

38
Bacteria

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria
• Largest Kingdom
• Live Everywhere
• Have cell wall made of peptidoglycan
• Some have second membrane
• Spores

• Look similar and lack nuclei
• Have cell wall but NO peptidoglygan and have a
  different lipid
• DNA show relation to eukaryotes
• Live in VERY harsh environments
• HOT, Salty, No Oxygen

39
Cell wall

• Gram staining
• Gram Positive- has peptidoglycan cell wall
• Will turn violet
• Gram Negative- no peptioglycan cell wall
• Will be a lighter color (pink)

40
Are all bacteria bad?

• Bacteria typically reproduce through binary
  fission, but can also exchange DNA in a process
  known as conjugation.
• This allows for genetic variation in a bacterial
  population.

41
(No Transcript)
42
Are all bacteria bad?

• The vast majority of bacteria in our world are
  beneficial.
• They are important decomposers and perform many
  other ecosystem services.
• They exist in the intestines of some animals and
  aid digestion.
• They are also important in food production.

43
Are all bacteria bad?

• Some bacteria are pathogenic. One example is the
  bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which
  causes tuberculosis. The disease attacks the
  lungs and causes coughing, chest pain, fatigue
  and fever it can be fatal if not treated. This
  bacterium causes disease because it destroys
  cells. The cells are broken down by the bacteria
  as a source of nutrition. Other bacteria harm
  the host by releasing toxins such the bacterium
  that causes food poisoning.

44
Are all bacteria bad?

1. Pathogenic bacteria can be treated with
   antibiotics. Antibiotics kill the bacteria by
   destroying the cell wall. Bacteria that are
   resistant to antibiotics can survive and
   reproduce by natural selection. This means that
   new antibiotics must continually be developed.

Bacteria
45
Fill It In

• Identify 3 ways that bacteria are beneficial
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

46
Importance to Humans

• Decomposers- will break down dead organisms
• Clean sewage
• Eat dead tissue
• Nitrogen fixation
• Will take N2gas and make NH3 a compound plants
  and animals can use
• Human use-
• In stomach- help make vitamins (biotin and Vit K)
• Digest petroleum
• Clean water pollution

47
Are all bacteria bad?

• Some bacteria are pathogenic (cause disease).
• One example is the bacterium Mycobacterium
  tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis or TB.

48
Are all bacteria bad?

• The disease usually attacks the lungs and causes
  coughing, chest pain, fatigue and fever - it can
  be fatal if not treated.
• This bacterium causes disease because it destroys
  cells.
• The cells are broken down by the bacteria as a
  source of food/nutrition.

49
Are all bacteria bad?

• Other bacteria harm the host by releasing toxins
  such as the bacterium that causes food poisoning.

50
Check Yourself!

1. Which two kingdoms include bacteria?
2. How do bacteria reproduce?
3. Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.

51
Check Yourself!

1. Which two kingdoms include bacteria? EUBACTERIA
   ARCHEABACTERIA
2. How do bacteria reproduce?
3. Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.

52
Check Yourself!

1. Which two kingdoms include bacteria? EUBACTERIA
   ARCHEABACTERIA
2. How do bacteria reproduce? BINARY FISSION
   CONJUGATION
3. Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.

53
Check Yourself!

• Which two kingdoms include bacteria? EUBACTERIA
  ARCHEABACTERIA
• How do bacteria reproduce? BINARY FISSION
  CONJUGATION
• Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.
• -DESTROY CELLS FOR FOOD
• -RELEASE TOXINS

54
What is a protist?

• Protista is a diverse kingdom of organisms that
  is divided into 3 main groups
• Algae (plant-like)
• Protozoa (animal-like)
• Slime molds (fungus-like)

55
What is a protist?

• Algae are important aquatic producers (the base
  of aquatic food webs) and produce most of earths
  oxygen.
• They may be unicellular or multicellular.

56
What is a protist?

• Protozoa are unicellular, aquatic protists that
  are similar to animals.
• Protozoa have adaptations that allow them to
  accomplish life functions

57
What is a protist?

• Adaptations for movement include a whiplike tail
  called a flagellum, tiny hair-like projections
  called cilia, or extensions of the cell membrane
  called pseudopodia.

58
What is a protist?

• An adaptation for water balance is the
  contractile vacuole.
• This vacuole pumps excess water out of the cell,
  since these aquatic organisms may take in more
  water than necessary by osmosis.

59
What is a protist?

• An adaptation for response to stimuli is the
  eyespot.
• This structure allows or responses to light
  (movement toward or away).

60
Fill It In

• Draw a simple diagram of a paramecium. Label the
  cilia, contractile vacuole, and eyespot.

61
What is a protist?

• In protozoa, reproduction is asexual through
  binary fission.
• Some protists may exchange DNA through
  conjugation.

62
What is a protist?

• Some protists are pathogenic.
• Malaria is a disease caused by parasitic protists
  called plasmodia.
• Malaria is transmitted by a mosquito.
• Any organism which transmits/carries a disease
  without being affected by the disease is called a
  vector.

Malaria in human
Malaria in a mosquito
63
What is a protist?

• The symptoms of malaria include headache,
  shaking, chills, and fever.
• Some forms of malaria lead to comas, convulsions,
  or even death.

64
I. Paramecium
http//www.youtube.com/watch?va4aZE5FQ284

• Transport moves using CILIA (tiny hair like
  projections). CILIA can also help them grab
  food.
• Excretion uses its contractile vacuoles to
  excrete water/waste.
• Respiration uses diffusion to get oxygen
  (aerobic)
• Nutrition Heterotrophic (eats bacteria, algae)
  Engulfs food using its cilia which enter through
  the oral groove. The food is packed into a
  vacuole and enzymes break it down. Waste leaves
  via anal pore.
• Reproduction Sexual via conjugation OR Asexual
  using budding
• Growth and development none really they can
  grow by uptaking excess water/food
• CAN USE CHEMOTAXIS/PHOTOTAXIS TO ORIENT IN THEIR
  ENVIRONMENT

65
III. Euglena
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vfI7nEWUjk3A

• Transport moves using a FLAGELLA.
• Excretion uses its contractile vacuole
• Respiration uses diffusion to get oxygen
  (aerobic)
• Nutrition Mainly photosynthetic (BECAUSE IT HAS
  EATEN ALGAE) using chloroplast but can engulf
  food, if needed
• Reproduction Asexual using Mitosis
• Growth and development none really they can
  grow by uptaking excess water/food
• CAN USE PHOTOTAXIS TO ORIENT IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

66
II. Amoeba
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v7pR7TNzJ_pA

• Transport moves using PSEUDOPODS which can
  also help them grab food.
• Excretion uses its contractile vacuoles to
  excrete water/waste.
• Respiration uses diffusion to get oxygen
  (aerobic)
• Nutrition Heterotrophic Engulfs food using its
  pseudopods which break fold inward to create a
  vacuole. Enzymes break it down. Waste leaves via
  diffusion.
• Reproduction Asexual using mitosis
• Growth and development none really they can
  grow by uptaking excess water/food
• CAN USE CHEMOTAXIS/PHOTOTAXIS TO ORIENT IN THEIR
  ENVIRONMENT

67
Check Yourself!

1. What are the 3 groups of protists?
2. Name 2 reasons that algae are important.
3. What protist causes the disease malaria?

68
Check Yourself!

1. What are the 3 groups of protists? ALGAE
   (PLANT-LIKE) PROTOZOA
   (ANIMAL-LIKE) SLIME MOLD
   (FUNGUS-LIKE)
2. Name 2 reasons that algae are important.
3. What protist causes the disease malaria?

69
Check Yourself!

1. What are the 3 groups of protists? ALGAE
   (PLANT-LIKE) PROTOZOA
   (ANIMAL-LIKE) SLIME MOLD
   (FUNGUS-LIKE)
2. Name 2 reasons that algae are important. BASE OF
   AQUATIC FOOD WEBS PRODUCE MOST OF EARTHS
   OXYGEN
3. What protist causes the disease malaria?

70
Check Yourself!

1. What are the 3 groups of protists? ALGAE
   (PLANT-LIKE) PROTOZOA
   (ANIMAL-LIKE) SLIME MOLD
   (FUNGUS-LIKE)
2. Name 2 reasons that algae are important. BASE OF
   AQUATIC FOOD WEBS PRODUCE MOST OF EARTHS
   OXYGEN
3. What protist causes the disease malaria? PLASMODIA

71
How are fungi different from plants?

• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that may be
  unicellular or multicellular.

72
How are fungi different from plants?

• Fungi are heterotrophic.
• They obtain food through extracellular digestion,
  secreting digestive chemicals and absorbing
  nutrients across the cell wall.

73
How are fungi different from plants?

• Fungi may reproduce asexually, such as budding in
  yeast or spore production in mushrooms.
• Spores can also be used in sexual reproduction.

74
Fill It In

• List 2 ways that fungi can reproduce
• 1.
• 2.

75
How are fungi different from plants?

• Some fungi are pathogenic.
• Candida is a yeast (fungus) that is one of the
  normal inhabitants of moist human epithelial
  tissue, such as the throat and vagina.

76
How are fungi different from plants?

• Certain circumstances (such as change in pH or
  sudden decrease in helpful bacteria) can cause
  Candida to become pathogenic by growing too
  rapidly and releasing harmful substances.
• The condition caused by this growth is called
  candidiasis.
• Candidiasis leads to oral thrush, yeast
  infections, and/or kidney infections.

77
Check Yourself!

• How do fungi obtain food?
• What reproductive structure can be used for
  sexual or asexual reproduction?
• What is the name of the fungus that causes
  thrush?

78
Check Yourself!

• How do fungi obtain food? EXTRACELLULAR
  DIGESTION
• What reproductive structure can be used for
  sexual or asexual reproduction?
• What is the name of the fungus that causes
  thrush?

79
Check Yourself!

• How do fungi obtain food? EXTRACELLULAR
  DIGESTION
• What reproductive structure can be used for
  sexual or asexual reproduction? SPORES
• What is the name of the fungus that causes
  thrush?

80
Check Yourself!

• How do fungi obtain food? EXTRACELLULAR
  DIGESTION
• What reproductive structure can be used for
  sexual or asexual reproduction? SPORES
• What is the name of the fungus that causes
  thrush? CANDIDA