Bell Work Monday 6/01

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Bell WorkMonday 6/01

• Look in your book beginning on page 841
  and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What were the three forces in Europe that
  helped set the stage for war?
• 2. Who were the members of the Triple Alliance
  and Triple Entente?
• 3. What single event set the stage for WWI?

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The Great War

• Chapter 29

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Section 1-Marching Towards War
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Rising Tensions in Europe

• The Rise of Nationalism-
• Nationalism-A deep devotion to ones own nation
• It can serve as a unifying force or the catalyst
  for fierce competition among others
• Ex. By the turn of the 20th century Great
  Britain, Germany, Russia, Italy, France and the
  Austria-Hungarian empire were engaged in a fierce
  rivalry
• Militarism-The policy of glorifying military
  power and keeping an army prepared for war

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Tangled Alliances

• Triple Alliance-Alliance between Germany,
  Austria-Hungary and Italy whose goal was to
  isolate France
• Otto von Bismarck felt that As long as it is
  without allies, France poses no danger to us
  (Triple Alliance)

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Tangled Alliances

• Triple Entente-Britains alliance with France and
  Russia
• Did not mean that Britain would fight with them
  but it did ensure they would not fight against
  them
• By 1907 the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
  were the strongest powers in Europe and would
  soon lead them into war

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Crisis in the Balkans

• In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and
  Herzegovina thus creating tension in the region
• June 28th, 1914 Gavrilo Princip assassinated the
  Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in
  Sarajevo, Bosnia.
• Princip was Serbian so the Austrians sought to
  punish Serbia
• Harsh demands were placed on Serbia
• Russia soon sided with Serbia and soon the rest
  of Europe began to take sides as well

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Bell WorkTuesday 5/13

• Look in your book beginning on page 845
  and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. Which countries comprised the Central Powers?
  Which countries comprised the Allies?
• 2. What were the characteristics of trench
  warfare?
• 3. What factors contributed to Russias war
  difficulties?

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Section 2-Europe Plunges into War
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The Great War Begins

• Following Austrias declaration of war Russia
  began to mobilize against both Austria and
  Germany
• Germany declared war on Russia on Aug. 1st 1914
  and on France two days later
• This caused Great Britain to declare war on
  Germany
• WWI had officially begun

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The Great War Begins

• Nations Take Sides-
• The Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary
• Later Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire would join
  in an attempt to regain lost territories
• The Allied Powers-Great Britain, France and
  Russia
• Italy and Japan later joined as well

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A Bloody Stalemate

• Western Front- The deadlocked region of Northern
  France fought over in WWI
• Schlieffen Plan-The Germany plan in which they
  would defeat France 1st then turn east to fight
  Russia
• A quick defeat of France was vital to the plan

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A Bloody Stalemate

• Failures of the Schlieffen Plan-
• Sept. 5th, 1914 Allied forces attacked the
  Germans northeast of Paris in the valley of the
  Marne River
• 600 taxicabs brought Allied re-enforcements to
  the front
• Sept.9th, the Germans retreated
• The 1st Battle of the Marne left the Schlieffen
  Plan in ruins b/c a quick victory no longer
  existed

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A Bloody Stalemate

• Trench Warfare-Soldiers would fight from trenches
  often for pitifully small pieces of land
• The space between the trenches was called no
  mans land
• The trenches along the Western Front reached
  nearly 500 miles from the North Sea to the Swiss
  border
• New Military Technologies-
• Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, armored cars and
  submarines were widely used for the 1st time in
  war

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Battle on the Eastern Front

• The Eastern Front-The battlefield along the
  German and Russian border
• Russians and Serbs battled Germans and
  Austro-Hungarians for control of the Eastern
  front

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Battle on the Eastern Front

• Russia Struggles-
• By 1916 Russias lack of industrialization was
  crippling their army
• They were short on supplies of guns, food,
  ammunition, boots and blankets
• German and Ottoman forces controlled many of the
  ports limiting supplies as well
• Russias one advantage was their population they
  could quickly replace soldiers who had been lost
  in war

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Body Lice
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Bell WorkMonday 5/19

• Look in your book beginning on page 851
  and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What factors helped prompt the U.S. to join
  the war on the Allies side?
• 2. What role did women play in the war?
• 3. Why was the Second Battle of the Marne so
  important?

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Section 3-A Global Conflict
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War Affects the World

• The Gallipoli Campaign-
• The campaign to capture the Dardanelles sea
  straight and than take the city of
  Constantinople.
• This would allow the allies to establish a supply
  line to Russia
• British, French, Australian and New Zealand
  troops began the campaign in February 1915
• In December the allies gave up the campaign after
  suffering 250,000 losses

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War Affects the World

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- Germany announced
  that their submarines would sink any ships in the
  water surrounding Britain without warning
• After the cruise ship Lusitania was sunk by a
  German U-boat leaving 1,198 passengers (128 of
  them American) dead the U.S. threatened action if
  the Germans continued to sink neutral ships

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War Affects the World

• Americans Join the Fight-
• Germany returned to unrestricted submarine
  warfare in 1917
• The Zimmerman Note- In February, 1917 the U.S.
  intercepted a German telegram headed to Mexico
• Germany wanted Mexico to join their fight and in
  return they would help Mexico reconquer the
  lands they lost to the U.S.
• This led President Wilson to ask for a
  declaration of war against Germany on April 2nd,
  1917

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The Zimmerman Note
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War Affects the Home Front

• Total War- Policy where all available resources
  nation possesses are dedicated to war
• Governments would take control of the economy and
  tell the factories what to produce
• Rationing-System where the amount of goods one
  could purchase were limited during war time
• Propaganda-One-sided information designed to keep
  up moral and support for the war.

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Allies Win the War

• Russia Withdraws-
• Czar Nicholas stepped down to due to civil unrest
  in March 1917
• By mid 1917, 5.5 million Russian soldiers had
  been wounded, killed or taken prisoner.
• As a result the Russian Army refused to fight any
  longer
• Vladimir Lenin came to power and desired to end
  Russias involvement in the war.
• Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk establishing a
  truce between Russia and Germany

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Allies Win the War

• The Central Powers Collapse-
• July 1918 the Allied forces and Germany clashed
  in the Second Battle of the Marne
• 350 tanks rolled through the German line
• Nearly 2 million new American troops arrived to
  help advance towards Germany
• Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans
  surrendered 1st
• November 9th, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down
  and Germany officially became a republic.

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Allies Win the War

• Armistice-A signed agreement to stop fighting
• WWI officially ended on November 11th, 1918

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The Legacy of the War

• The Effects of WWI on Europe
• New technologies were used and for the 1st time
  the world was engaged in a global conflict
• 8.5 million soldiers died, and another 21 million
  soldiers were wounded
• Europes economy was in ruins
• War damage was estimated around 338 billion

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Bell WorkTuesday 5/20

• Look in your book beginning on page 858
  and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What was the goal of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen
  Points?
• 2. What was the war guilt clause in the Treaty
  of Versailles?
• 3. Why did the U.S. reject the Treaty of
  Versailles?

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Section 4-A Flawed Peace
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The Allies Meet and Debate

• January 18th,1919 delegates representing 32
  nations met to discuss the terms of peace at the
  Palace of Versailles
• The Big Four held most of the decision making
  power
• Woodrow Wilson of the U.S., Georges Clemenceau of
  France, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and
  Vittorio Orlando of Italy

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The Allies Meet and Debate

• Fourteen Points-A series of proposals drawn up by
  Woodrow Wilson in order to outline long lasting
  peace with Europe

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The Allies Meet and Debate

• Wilsons Fourteen Points
• No secret treaties
• Freedom of Seas
• Lower tariffs to increase trade
• Reduce militaries
• No more colonizing
• New boundaries for countries
• League of Nations
• All countries could peacefully settle
  disagreements
• Like a modern UN
• Many countries not happy because did not punish
  Germany

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The Allies Meet and Debate

• Self-Determination-The people could decide for
  themselves what kind of government they wanted to
  live under

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The Allies Meet and Debate

• The Treaty of Versailles-An agreement designed to
  bring peace among the nations, and punish Germany
  
• As a result Germany lost all of its war making
  powers
• Wilsons 14 points were adopted
• The League of Nations was created but the U.S
  doesnt join
• Its goal was to keep peace among the nations

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A Troubled Treaty

• A total of five treaties were signed by the
  allied powers
• This created feelings of bitterness and betrayal
  among the losing nations
• New Nations Created After WWI-
• Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
  were recognized as independent nations
• The Ottomans lost all of their territory except
  modern day Turkey

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A Troubled Treaty

• End Results of WWI-
• The Treaty of Versailles could not guarantee
  lasting peace
• The U.S. ultimately rejected the Treaty of
  Versailles in favor of an isolationist approach
• The War Guilt Clause left Germany extremely
  bitter
• Germany received the harshest punishment
  including 33 billion dollars in reparations owed
  to the allied powers
• Africa and Asia were upset with the way the
  Allies disregarded their calls for independence