World War I (1914-1918)

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World War I(1914-1918)

• The war to end all wars.

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Causes of World War I

• M militarism
• A alliance system
• I imperialism
• N nationalism

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Militarism

• Policy of building up strong armed forces to
  prepare for war.
• European nations expanded their armies and navies
• Nations raced for
• naval dominance and
• this led to increased
• tension (especially
• Britain and Germany)

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Alliances

• Agreement between nations to aid and protect each
  other.
• To protect themselves, European powers formed
  rival alliances
• Central Powers Germany and Austria-Hungary and
  Ottoman Empire
• Allies (Triple Entente) Britain, France and
  Russia

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Imperialism

• Policy of powerful countries seeking to control
  the economic and political affairs of weaker
  countries
• Will lead to rivalries because Britain, France,
  Germany, Italy, and Russia all scrambled for
  colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

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Nationalism

• Pride on ones country
• Many people believed that people with a common
  language and culture should get rid of foreign
  rule and form their own countries
• Nationalism deepened hostility between
  Austria-Hungary and Russia. Russia encouraged
  Serbs and other minorities in Austria-Hungary to
  rise up against their rulers.

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June 28, 1914Murder in Sarajevo

• The spark that started WWI was the assassination
  of Austrias Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

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Arriving at City Hall
Leaving
Gavrilo Princip
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• Central Powers
• (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire)
• Vs.
• the Allies
• (England, France, Russia, and the United States)

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A Local Conflict leads to a World War

• Map of World with Participants in World War I -
  Allies in green Central Powers in orange -
  neutral in grey

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Entangled Alliances

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July
  28, 1914, a month after the assassination in
  Sarajevo.
• Russia, bound by treaty to Serbia, mobilizes its
  army
• Germany viewed the Russian mobilization as an act
  of war against its ally Austria-Hungary and so
  declared war on Russia
• France, bound by its treaty to Russia declared
  war on Germany and, by extension, its ally
  Austria-Hungary
• Germany invaded Belgium so Britain declared war
  on Germany to protect Belgium
• Three weeks later, Japan declared its military
  alliance with Britain

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The Schlieffen Plan

• Germany feared a war on two fronts
• General Alfred von Schlieffen developed a plan to
  avoid a two front war
• He believed that Russia would be slow to mobilize
  so he figured that Germany would have time to
  quickly defeat France before having to fight
  Russia
• This plan required Germany to march
• through Belgium to get to France
• this caused a problem because Britain
• and other European nations had signed
• a treaty guaranteeing Belgium neutrality
• Britain declares war on Germany in
• response to the invasion of Belgium.

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German Troops enter Belgium
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Many people believed this would be a short war
Why?

• Weaponry was more efficient than ever before

This is the reaction to the declaration of war in
Paris

• They were WRONG, the war dragged on until 1918

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WWI was a new kind of war, far deadlier than any
before.
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Weapons of World War I

• Machine Gun
• Poison Gas
• Airplanes
• Tanks
• Submarines (U-boats)

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Machine Guns

• 1.) Transformed warfare
• 2.) Able to kill an entire unit of men.
• 3.) Created a stalemate during the war.

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The First Tanks

• Used to breech holes in trench line defenses

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Poison Gas

• 1.) Used for the 1st time during WWI.
• 2.) French were the 1st to use it.
• 3.) Mustard gas - most lethal of all gases.
• Odorless remained active for weeks.

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German U-Boats

• Hunted in packs to attack Allied shipping in
  the Atlantic

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Read the article on U-Boats
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A New Kind of Hero

• Baron Manfred von Richthofen
• 80 kills

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Aerial Combatfor the First Time in History
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Trench warfare

• The Germans decided to dig trenches that would
  provide them protection from the French and
  British troops. The Allies couldnt break through
  this line, causing them to dig trenches.
  Eventually they spread from the North Sea to the
  Swiss Frontier.

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Conditions of the Trenches

• Millions of soldiers roasted under the broiling
  summer sun or froze through long winters. They
  share their food with rats and their beds with
  lice.

Pumping out the trenches to avoid trench foot
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Trench Foot
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Primary Sources on Trenches

• Discussion Question What was your general
  reaction to these conditions?

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No Mans Land

• 1.) Ground between two opposing trenches.
• 2.) Contained barbed wire.
• 3.) Millions of men died
• trying to make it
• across.

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Preparing to Enter No-Mans Land
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Over the Top
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World War I Battles
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Battle of Gallipoli (1915)

• 1.) Happened in modern day Turkey.
• 2.) British Indian, Australian, and New
• Zealand troops attacked the
• Ottomans.
• 3.) After 10 months and 200,000
• causalities, the Allies withdrew.

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Battle of Verdun (1916)

• 1.) Takes place in France
• 2.) German forces tried to overwhelm
• the French, but failed to do so.
• 3.) The struggle cost more the half-
• million causalities on both sides.

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Battle of the Somme River (1916)

• 1.) Takes place in France
• 2.) Allied offensive here was even
• more costly than Verdun.
• 3.) In a single day, 60,000 British
• soldiers were killed or wounded.
• After 5 months of fighting only 11 kilometers of
  territory is gained by the Allies.

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• By 1917, total war, the channeling of a nations
  entire resources into a war effort, was
  instituted by almost all nations involved.

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• Both sides waged a propaganda war, which is the
  spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage
  an opposing cause.

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The Sinking of the Lusitania
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Major Leaders of World War I
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria-Hungary
His assassination led to the outbreak of World
War I.
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Kaiser Wilhelm II Germany Stepped down from
power in 1918 and fled into exile to the
Netherlands.
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King George V England Cousins of Nicolas and
Wilhelm, he is the only one able to celebrate
victory in 1918
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President Woodrow Wilson United
States His ideas for peace led to the
creation of the League of Nations.
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Czar Nicolas II Russia Military defeats and
high casualties in WWI led to his murder.
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Russia leaves the war (1917)

• 1.) Communist revolution brings the Russian
• monarchy down.
• 2.) Vladimir Lenin claims power.
• 3.) Russia signs a treaty with
• Germany that ended Russian
• participation in WWI.

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Finally, the war ends

• In 1918, both sides of the war continued to
  fight. With the Kaiser fleeing into exile and
  Austria-Hungary reeling towards collapse, an
  armistice was signed. On November 11, 1918,
  World War I came to an end.

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Outcomes and global effects
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The colonies participation in the war increased
demands for independence, which they would not
get until later in the 20th century.
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WWI caused the destruction of many empires and
governments, including Russia, the Ottoman
Empire, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.
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The Cost

• Soldiers, sailors, and airmen involved worldwide
  65,038,810
• Total military deaths worldwide 8,020,780
• Total civilian deaths worldwide 6,642,633
• Military wounded worldwide 21,228,813
• Approximate cost in early twentieth century
  dollars 281,887,000,000

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• Wilsons Fourteen Points
• A list of terms for resolving
• this and future wars.
• He called for an end to
• secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade,
  and large-scale reductions of arms.

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League of Nations

• Created to prevent another world war by
  encouraging peaceful resolution of problems.
• The USA didnt join because the League might pull
  them into another European confrontation.

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Treaty of Versailles

• 1.) Germany was forced to accept guilt for
• war (Article 231). ? War Guilt Clause
• 2.) Germany had to pay 30 billion dollars in war
  damages.
• 3.) The treaty severely
• limited the size of
• Germanys military.
• 4.) The treaty stripped
• Germany of their
• overseas colonies.