Chapter 27 World War I

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Chapter 27 World War I
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Imperialism

• Imperialism the domination by one country of
  the political, economic, or cultural life of
  another country.
• Economic interests Industrial Revolution
  required access to natural resources (rubber,
  petroleum, etc). Also needed new markets
• Political military interests Steam powered
  merchant ships and naval vessels needed coaling
  stations and supply depots. They needed colonies
  for national security. Colonies increased
  prestige world wide.

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Causes

• Humanitarian goals Many were concerned for the
  third world countries missionaries, doctors,
  etc. felt it their duty to spread the blessings
  of western civilization and Christianity.
• Social Darwinism Many felt that the West was
  racially superior. European races, they claimed,
  were superior to all others and the conquering
  and destruction of weaker races was natural.
• White Mans Burden was belief that Western
  powers needed to introduce benefits of Western
  society to non-white cultures

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Explorers

• Mungo Park and Richard Burton mapped the Niger,
  Congo and Nile Rivers.

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Missionaries

• Missionaries They came after an area was
  explored built schools, clinics, and churches.
  Most saw Africans as children who needed their
  guidance. They wanted them to reject their
  culture and adopt western civilization.

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Missionaries

• The best known was Dr. David Livingstone who
  spent 30 years traveling Africa trying to help
  the people.
• In 1869 journalist Henry Stanley went to central
  Africa looking for Livingstone. In 1871 found him
  in todays Tanzania.

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The Grab for Colonies

• King Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to
  explore the Congo River Basin Publically talked
  of bringing Christianity and civilization to the
  area
• This set off a mad grab for colonies in the rest
  of Africa commonly referred to as the Scramble
  for Africa with France and Britain in the lead.

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The Grab for Colonies

• Berlin Conference 1884- European leaders met to
  work out the land grab. They wanted to avoid
  bloodshed among themselves. No Africans were
  invited.
• Recognized Leopolds private claim to the Congo
• Free trade on the Niger and Congo Rivers
• Can have no claims unless you set up a government
  office in area

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The Grab for Colonies

• The Congo Belgium (King Leopold II) exploited
  the area for its copper, rubber, ivory
• Treated the people almost like slaves resulting
  in a severe population decline.

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France

• 1830s invaded and conquered Algeria
• cost thousands of lives both French and African.
• The late 1800s pushed into Tunisia and
  established colonies in West Africa

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Britain

• took parts of west and East Africa, Egypt and the
  Sudan
• In Southern Africa they pushed the Boers out and
  in 1815 took the Cape Colony
• Many Boers moved north

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Britain

• In the late 1800s gold and diamonds were
  discovered in the Boer territory
• the British moved inCecil Rhodes
• the results 1899-1902 the Boer War

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Ethiopia

• late 1800s a new ruler Menelik II comes to power
• will modernize his country and army and therefore
  was able to repel Italy in 1896
• Results After all is done only Ethiopia and
  Liberia remain independent in Africa

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Britain

• In 1910 the British united the Cape Colony and
  the Boer Republic into the Union of South Africa
• creating a white run constitutional government
  commonly called apartheid ended in 1993.

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Opium War

• Late 1700s British merchants made huge profits by
  trading Indian opium for Chinese tea and thus
  created an unfavorable balance of trade
• gold and silver now going out of China.
• The Chinese government outlawed the drug
• In 1839 the Opium War started modern British
  navy easily defeated the Chinese military

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Opium War

• 1842 Treaty of Nanjing
• British got a large indemnity payment for
  losses in the war
• They got the island of Hong Kong
• China had to open 5 more ports to foreign trade
• British citizens in China had extraterritoriality
  the right to live under their own laws tried
  by their own courts

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The Boxer Rebellion

• Boxer Rebellion 1899 The Righteous and
  Harmonious Fists was name that Chinese called
  themselves (supported by empress)
• Called Boxers by the West
• They wanted to rid China of all foreigners.
• 1900 they attacked foreigners all across China.

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Chapter 27 World War I
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Chapter 27 Section 1

• I shall not live to see the Great War but you
  will see it, and it will start in the east
• Otto Von Bismarck

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ATTEMPTS AT WORLD PEACE

• In the early 1900s there were serious efforts to
  end war forever. At this point Europe had enjoyed
  a century of relative peace.
• There was the Womens International League for
  Peace and Freedom the members were believers in
  pacifism the opposition to all war.

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• In 1896 the first modern Olympic Games were
  held in Athens Greece.

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ATTEMPTS AT WORLD PEACE

• 1899- the first Universal Peace Conference was
  held in the Netherlandscreated the Hague
  Tribunal a world court to settle disputes
  between nations

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Setting The Stage for World War I

• tensions had been building in Europe for 50
  yearsInternational Anarchy each nation pursued
  policies without regard for the wishes or
  interests of its neighbors
• nationalism will play a part in bringing about
  World War I
• nations came to believe that their nation was
  superior to all other nations
• nationalism was strong among the newly united
  countries.

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Setting The Stage for World War I

• nationalism also came into play between France
  and Germany
• France was still very bitter by its defeat at the
  hands of the Germans in 1871.
• Wanted Alsace-Lorraine
• Germany and France will almost go to war over
  Morocco

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Setting The Stage for World War I

• In the Balkans Russia was sponsoring Pan Slavism
  a powerful nationalistic movement designed to
  unite all of the Slavic peoples under Russian
  influence.
• In this region Serbia was one of its strongest
  supporters.
• Caused tensions with Austria-Hungary

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Setting The Stage for World War I

• Colonial rivalries over the search for raw
  materials, new markets, and statuscaused
  tensions to rise
• Russia and Great Britain almost go to war over
  Persia (Iran)
• Manchuria (oil) caused Japan and Russia to go to
  warRusso-Japanese War 1904

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Setting The Stage for World War I

• militarism or the glorification of armed strength
  dominated the thinking of many European leaders
  before World War I - strong military states
  usually got what they wanted

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Setting The Stage for World War I

• military expenditures' increased 300 in Europe
  in late 1800s
• a naval rivalry between Germany and Britain
  became intense
• Two power standard stated that Britain could
  defeat any two nations combined navys

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Setting The Stage for World War I

• great powers in Europe during this time were
  Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Germany, France,
  Italy, and Russiaall will become embroiled in
  World War I

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The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

• the alliance system was drawn up to keep the
  peace in Europe - it will actually be one of the
  reasons for the outbreak of WWI
• German chancellor Otto von Bismarck united
  Germany by warfare and then tried to keep the
  peace in Europe
• France seen as the biggest threat to Germany-keep
  France from having allies
• Germany DOES NOT want to fight a two-front war

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The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

• 1879 Germany signed the Duel Alliance with A-H
  which was a military alliance
• Bismarck followed this alliance with the Triple
  Alliance in 1882 when Italywas added to the Duel
  Alliance
• Bismarck set up the Three Emperors League which
  brought Russia, A-H and Germany together
• Three-Emperors League collapsed-Germany and
  Russia signed Reinsurance Treaty

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The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

• Great Britain following policy of splendid
  isolationismwill not be dragged into conflict
  on European continent (first alliance will be
  with Japan)
• 1894France and Russia sign alliance after
  William II did not re-up Reinsurance Treaty
• 1904 Great Britain and France signed the Entente
  Cordiale which was a friendly understanding or
  agreement between the nations (this was not a
  military alliance)
• 1907 Great Britain, France, and Russia signed the
  Triple Entente

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The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

• Central Europe was now divided into two armed
  camps
• the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
  and Italy)
• the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and
  Russia)
• 6 nations would go to war if a fight broke out
  between two countries involved in the alliance
  system

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THE BALKANS

• in Eastern Europe the Balkans was known as the
  "powder keg of Europe
• Serbia was a nation made up of Slavic people.
  Serbia wanted to rule all of the Slavs in the
  Balkan region
• Ottoman Empire known as the sick man of Europe
  had become weak

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THE BALKANS

• nationalistic movements in the Balkans
  alsothreatened the Austria-Hungary Empire
• Russia was more than willing to support Serbia
  against Austria-Hungary because they wanted ports
  on the Mediterranean Sea
• 1912First Balkan WarSerbia, Bulgaria,
  Montenegro and Greece defeated Ottoman
  Empire1913 start of Second Balkan WarBulgaria
  defeated by Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro
  and Ottoman Empire

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THE BALKANS

• William II caused further tension when he began
  negotiations with the Ottoman Empire to bring
  them into the Triple Alliance which would extend
  German influence into the Balkans
• Germany planned to build a railroad through the
  Balkans to Constantinople then to Baghdad
• Russians and British saw this as a threat to
  their goals which brought the two countries
  closer together

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OUTBREAK OF WAR

• by 1914 a warlike mood had spread over Europe
• all countries except Britain kept large standing
  armies
• generals wanted to try their plans of war
• new weapons needed to be tried out
• many felt the war would not last six months
• civilians had forgotten the horrors of war
• would be a romantic and heroic adventure

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Chapter 27Section 2
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THE GREAT WAR

• June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo the heir to the
  Austria-Hungary throne, Archduke Francis
  Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated
  by Gavrilo Princip -member of the Black Hand,
  secret Serbian nationalist society

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THE GREAT WAR

• Austria-Hungary was determined to punish Serbia
• Germany promised to back Austria-Hungary-gave A-H
  a blank check
• Austria-Hungary Empire (Leopold von Berchtold)
  drew up an ultimatum or final set of demands with
  approval of Francis Joseph-if Serbia did not meet
  the demands within 48 hours then the result would
  be war

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THE GREAT WAR

• July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on
  Serbia
• Russia vowed to stand behind the Serbs and Czar
  Nicholas II ordered mobilization of the Russian
  forces
• Germany demanded that Russia cancel mobilization
  but Russia ignored the ultimatum
• Germany declared war on Russia on August 1,1914
  and France on August 3,1914

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THE GREAT WAR

• the Germans had developed a war plan known as the
  Schlieffen Plan
• this plan called for a lightning attack against
  France while Russia was slowly mobilizing
• almost the entire Germany army would attack
  France by going through neutral Belgium to knock
  her out of the war quickly

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THE GREAT WAR

• Belgium was a neutral nation with its neutrality
  guaranteed by Britain
• Britain insisted that Germany observe Belgian
  neutrality
• German troops crossed into Belgium anyway and on
  August 4, 1914 Britain declared war on Germany

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World War I

• battle lines drawn- the Central Powers were made
  up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (Ottoman
  Empire) -Bulgaria will join in 1915
• the Allied Powers included Britain, France,
  Russia, Italy will join nine months later after
  negotiating a secret deal, Japan six weeks
  later, United States 1917, and some 32 other
  countries

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Chapter 27 Section 3
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World War I

• throughout August of 1914 1.5 million German
  soldiers tramped through Belgiuminto northern
  France
• met by a similar size force made up mostly of
  French soldiers with a small contingent of
  British forces
• they will form the battle line that becomes known
  as the Western Front the initial German advance
  was successful andreached the outskirts of Paris

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World War I

• Battle of the Marne saved France and stopped the
  German advance
• Allied troops led by Gen. Joseph Joffre

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World War I

• both countries dug trenches (Trench Warfare)
  which will stretch from the Swiss border to the
  shores of the North Sea (600 miles)

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World War I

• because of trench warfare very little land will
  change hands in between the trenches was area
  known as "no man's land" which was dotted with
  mines and barbed wire

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World War I

• The war became a war of attrition the slow
  wearing down process in which each side tries to
  outlast the other

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World War I

• whistles would blow directing troops to go "over
  the top" across wide open areas and slaughter
• Results stalemate on the Western Front

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The New Weapons

• the automatic machine gun was the deadliest
  weapon mowed down troops advancing across no
  man's land

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The New Weapons

• poison gas (chlorine and mustard gas) first used
  by the Germans choked and blinded victims

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The New Weapons

• the tank was an ineffective weapon early in the
  war (tended to bogged down) but was used more
  effectively in latter part of the war.

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The New Weapons

• in the air zeppelins (dirigible) were used to
  scout out enemy positions and to bomb targets

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The New Weapons

• The airplane was introduced first for scouting
  and observing troop movements
• later in war pilots dropped bombs on troops
• airplanes also became involved in "dog
  fights"between individual planes

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The New Weapons

• greatest German ace was Baron Manfred von
  Richthofen or the Red Baron
• Greatest American ace was Eddie Rickenbacker

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The New Weapons

• on the sea the most important weapon was the
  submarine (u-boats)
• sank ships bringing food and materials to warring
  countries
• Germans used the submarine more effectively than
  any other nation

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Russia

• the Russians now entered the war (mobilized
  quicker than Germany had expected)
• first major battle between the Russians and
  Germans was at Tannenberg in East PrussiaGerman
  troops commanded by Gen. Paul von Hindenburg
• the Russians suffered a humiliating defeat
• Russians will suffer terrible loses
• many Russian soldiers went into battle without
  weapons (pick up weapons of dead comrades)

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The Western Front

• the Western Front also saw terrible loses in
  battles
• in the Battle of Verdun (Feb.1916)the French
  suffered 540,000 casualties while the Germans
  losses exceeded 430,000 (over 700,000 died)

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The Western Front

• the Battle of the Somme (July 1916) was the
  bloodiest battle fought in history at the time
  the Allies lost 794,000 men while the Central
  Powers lost 538,888 men
• this was the first battle that saw the use of
  tanks (ineffective)

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Italian Front

• the Italian Front opened in 1915 this front did
  not help the Allies very much
• first major battle was a disaster for the
  Italians
• the Austrians crushed the Italians at Caporetto

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The Middle East

• the Gallipoli Campaign was started because the
  Allies were trying to bring much needed supplies
  to Russians
• the British and French tried to capture
  Constantinople by way of the Dardanelles
• the Turks with help from the Germans pinned
  Allies down
• after 10 months and 200,000casualties the
  Allieswithdrew

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The Middle East

• British colonel T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of
  Arabia) united Arab leaders againstOttoman
  Empire causing the eventual defeat of the empire

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War in Africa and Asia

• in Asia and Africa things went better for the
  Allies
• Japan took over German possessions in China and
  captured many German Pacific island colonies
• the British and French conquered most of
  Germany's possessions in Africa

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War At Sea

• the major naval battle was the Battle of Jutland
  which was not a decisive victory for either side
  but the German fleet never again ventured out of
  Baltic Sea

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Chapter 27 Section 4 Winning The war
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Total War

• countries quickly learned that warfare in the
  20th century required the commitment of the
  entire country total war, the channeling of a
  nation's entire resources into a war effort was
  required
• all countries with the exception of Britain
  instituted the draft
• governments borrowed huge sums of money to pay
  the cost of the war rationed certain items
  (gasoline, food, boots), forbid strikes, and set
  prices

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Propaganda

• many countries controlled public opinion through
  the use of censorship
• both sides also used propaganda, the spreading of
  ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing
  cause

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Propaganda

• Allied (British) propaganda was very effective in
  influencing the American public
• called the German soldier a Hun

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Women

• women will play a major part in the war
• women replaced men in the work forcekeeping the
  national economies going
• some joined women's branches of the armed
  services
• nurses shared the dangers on the front lines
• great impact on the future of women, especially
  gaining the right to vote

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The End of Russia

• Russian government was unable to cope with food
  and other shortages
• poor leadership in the army and disasters on the
  battlefield
• situation will lead to the downfall of Czar
  Nicholas II, the last of the Romanov's to rule
  Russia

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The End of Russia

• Czars wife Alexandra under the influence of
  Rasputin, a monkson Alexis had hemophilia
• in March 1917 bread riots led to the March
  Revolution which forced Nicholas II to abdicate
  and a provisional government was set up
• Alexander Kerensky- the provisional government
  will continue to fight the war

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The End of Russia

• V.I. Lenin will organize the Bolshevik Party with
  the help of Leon Trotsky
• Lenin political philosophy based on the works of
  Marx

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The End of Russia

• in November of 1917 the Bolsheviks began totake
  power from the provisional government in 1918 the
  Bolsheviks will rename themselves Communist
• one of the first things that Lenin did was remove
  Russia from the war-signed the Treaty of
  Brest-Litovsk which was very harsh on the
  Russians
• Russia lost a third of its people
• 90 of its coal mines, and all its great oil
  fields
• Germany could now concentrate more on the Western
  Front

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Americas Entry into the War

• at first most Americans viewed the war as a
  European affair US should remain neutral
  (isolationism)

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Americas Entry into the War

• the Germans practiced unrestricted submarine
  warfare
• the British passenger liner Lusitania was sunk by
  a German U-boat killing over 1200 people
  including 128Americans

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Americas Entry into War

• the sinking of the Lusitania and the death of 128
  Americans caused public opinion to turn to Allies
  
• influenced by propaganda and stories of
  atrocities, horrible acts against innocent people

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Americas Entry into the War

• in January 1917 the German foreign minister,
  Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to the German
  ambassador to Mexico instructing him to try to
  get the Mexicans to attack the US
• in exchange for their attack the Mexican govt
  would receive New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona
• British intercepted telegram and gave it to the
  US government
• American public was outraged and anti-German
  feelings ran throughout the country

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Americas Entry into the War

• President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to
  declare war on Germany on April 2, 1917
• Congress declared war on April 6,1917 bringing
  the US into World War I
• American forces will not play a major role in the
  war until 1918 but will have a huge impact on the
  moral of the Allied soldiers
• American forces under the command of Gen. John
  Black Jack Pershing

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The End

• Germany wanted to end the war before the full
  impact of the American soldiers could be felt
• launched a huge offensive during the spring and
  summer of 1918
• the offensive will almost be successful but will
  be stopped with the help of American troops at
  Chateau-ThierryFrench Gen. Foch was commander of
  Allied forces

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The End

• the Central Powers began to collapse at this time
• Bulgaria surrendered in Sept. 1918 followed
  shortly by the Ottoman Empire in Oct.
• the Austrians surrendered on Nov. 3,1918

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The End

• the Germans signed the armistice, an agreement to
  end the fighting, on Nov. 11,1918

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Chapter 27 section 5 Making the Peace
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The Cost

• World War I was the costliest war ever fought,
  there was an estimated 10 million military dead
  and 21.2 million wounded
• civilian casualties were nearly as high about 20
  million

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The Cost

• This does not include the estimated 20 million
  who died from the 1917-1918 influenza pandemic
• The war also did an estimated 300 to 400 billion
  dollars in damages to Western Europe.
• About 3 trillion 6 hundred billion in U.S.
  dollars as of 2005

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The Peace Treaty

• the treaty was drawn up by the "Big Four"
• 1) United States- Woodrow Wilson
• 2)France- Georges Clemenceau
• 3) Italy- Vittorio Orlando
• 4) Great Britain- David Lloyd George

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The Peace Treaty

• France wanted revenge and security plus the
  return of Alsace-Lorraine
• Britain wanted control of German colonies in
  Africa
• Italy wanted Austrian lands it had been promised
  when it joined the Allied effort
• Wilson wanted the League of Nations set up based
  on his Fourteen Points which would bring "peace
  without victory"

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Versailles Treaty

• Germany had to admit responsibility for causing
  the war Article 231 known as the "war guilt
  clause
• Germany had to pay a huge reparations, payment
  for war damages about 32 billion
• roughly equivalent to 393.6 Billion US Dollars
  as of 2005
• Germany was forbidden to have military forces
• the Rhineland was occupied by Allied forces,
• Germany was reduced in size

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Versailles Treaty

• Ger. colonies made into mandates, territories
  that were administered but not owned by members
  of League of Nations
• Fr. and G.B. received Ger. colonies in Africa
• Japan received mandates in the Pacific
• Middle East--Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine,
  Transjordan, and Syria became Fr. and British
  mandates
• WW I saw the destruction of the German, Russian,
  Ottoman, and A-H empires

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Versailles Treaty

• several new nations were formed including Poland,
  Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
  Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, and Estonia

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Results of the Peace Conference

• Germany is humiliated by the harsh terms of the
  Treaty of Versailles
• Germany will plot its revenge
• In addition Japan and Italy are not satisfied
  either
• The treaty fails to address the issues in the
  Balkans

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Results of the Peace Conference

• The League of Nations is formed but it is never
  strong partly because the United States Senate
  refuses to allow the U. S. to join
• The Treaty will lay the ground work for the next
  world war