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Ecology

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Biomes - Woodstown-Pilesgrove Regional School District ... Biomes – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ecology


1
Ecology
2
Ecological Levels of Organization
3
  • The Earths Climate influences the structure and
    distribution of terrestrial biomes.
  • Seasons
  • Bodies of water
  • mountains

4
Figure 40.8
Tropical forest
Desert
Temperate grassland
30
Temperate broadleaf forest
15
Annual mean temperature (?C)
Northern coniferous forest
0
Arctic and alpine tundra
?15
0
100
200
300
400
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
5
Terrestrial Ecosystems
  • Tundra
  • Taiga
  • Temperate Deciduous forest
  • Grasslands
  • Tropical rain forests
  • Deserts

6
Tundra
  • 20 of Earths surface
  • Long cold winter, short summer (6-8 weeks)
  • 20 cm rainfall per year
  • Permafrost frozen layer beneath topmost layer
  • Nutrient poor soil
  • No trees, short grasses, lichens and moss
  • Lemming, grouse, musk ox, snowy owls, lynx,
    snowshoe hares, polar bears, wolves, caribou

7
Tundra
8
Coniferous forests
  • Taiga
  • 11 of Earths surface
  • Cone-bearing trees (spruce, fir, pine)
  • Bears, moose, beaver and muskrat, wolves,
  • In mountains wolverines and mountain lions
  • Temperate Rain Forest
  • East coast of Canada and United States
  • Large coniferous trees, rich soil, rainfall
  • Squirrels, lynx, amphibians, reptiles, birds

9
Taiga and Temperate rainforest
10
Temperate deciduous forests
  • Below Taiga, US!! Eastern United States, Europe
    and Eastern Asia
  • Moderate climate, good rainfall, Seasons!
  • Deciduous trees (lose leaves yearly), form
    canopies with varied growth.
  • Variety of flora and fauna due to rich soil,
    climate, rainfall and protection.

11
Temperate Deciduous forest
12
Tropical Rain Forest
  • South America, Africa and Indo-Malayan region
  • Warm climate, plentiful rainfall, min. 190 cm
  • Most diversity in flora and fauna and numbers
  • Canopy, understory, forest floor
  • Number of species not identified yet, most live
    in trees
  • Poor soil

13
(No Transcript)
14
Shrublands
  • Shrubs shorter than trees
  • South Africa, Western North America, shores of
    Australia
  • California has Chaparral- type of shrubland
    without dense undergrowth and flammable.
  • Mule, deer, rodents, lizards and scrub jays

15
Shrublands
16
Grasslands
  • Annual rainfall greater than 25 cm but can not
    support trees.
  • Include Russian steppes, South American pampas,
    North American prairies
  • Bison, squirrels, mice, prairie dogs, rabbits,
    hawks, snakes, coyotes and foxes.
  • Fertile soil, heavy farming

17
Grasslands
18
Savannas
  • Cool, dry season followed by hot rainy season
  • Central and Southern Africa, Australia, southeast
    Asia and South America
  • Grasses with few trees with deep roots (Acacia)
  • Large herbivores, elephants, giraffes, zebra,
    antelopes, wildebeest, carnivores lions, hyenas,
    cheetahs, leopards

19
Savannas
20
Deserts
  • Northern and Southern Hemispheres near equator
  • 30 Earths surface, rainfall below 25cm
  • Little or no vegetation, hot days, cool nights
  • Desert plans have waxy cuticles to store water,
    ex. Cactus, sagebrush
  • Reptiles (lizards and snakes), running birds,
    rodents, fox, hawks and insects

21
Deserts
22
Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater and Marine
  • Wetlands
  • Lakes
  • Coastal Ecosystems
  • Oceans

23
Wetlands
  • Classified by vegetation
  • Marshes
  • inundated by water, contain rushes, reeds and
    other grasses
  • Contain waterfowl and small mammals
  • Productive ecosystem
  • Swamps
  • Dominated by woody plants or shrubs (cypress, red
    maple and tupelo)
  • American alligator

24
Wetlands
25
Wetlands Continued
  • Bogs
  • Characterized by acidic waters, peat deposits,
    and sphagnum moss.
  • Most water comes from precipitation
  • Nutrient poor
  • Cranberries, orchids
  • Moose

26
Bogs
27
Lakes
  • Body of fresh water
  • Classified by nutrient content
  • Oligotrophic nutrient poor
  • Eutrophic nutrient rich
  • Seasonal temperatures in lake, relate to seasonal
    distribution of species in lake
  • Plankton important to ecosystem
  • Phytoplankton photosynthetic algae
  • Zooplankton minute animals, eat phytoplankton

28
Lakes
29
Lakes continued
  • Life zones
  • Littoral zone closest to shore, contain plants,
    habitat for fish, invertebrates, and reptiles
  • Limnetic zone sunlit body of lake, small fish
  • Profundal zone below level of light
    penetration, zooplankton, catfish
  • Benthic zone sediment at soil water interface,
    silt, sand detritus (dead organic material),
    worms, snails, clams

30
Lake Zones
31
Coastal Ecosystems
  • Estuaries
  • freshwater and seawater meet and mix.
  • Include mangrove swamps and salt marshes
  • Occur at mouth of river
  • Abundance of nutrients
  • Biologically diverse and productive
  • nursery of the sea

32
Estuary
33
Coastal Ecosystem
  • Seashores
  • Littoral zone between low and high water marks
  • Barnacles, brown algae, oysters, mussels, sea
    dollars, sea birds

34
Seashore
35
Oceans
  • Cover approx. ¾ of the Earth
  • 2 divisions
  • Pelagic division open water
  • Benthic division ocean floor

36
Pelagic and Benthic divisions
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