KINGDOM ANIMALIA

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA

• Chapter 26

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Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
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Its time to DRAW!

• Draw the first thing that comes to mind when you
  hear the word
• ANIMAL

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What makes an animal?

• Heterotroph
• Do not make their own food
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Contains a nucleus and membrane-enclosed
  organelles
• No cell wall

Animals are multicellular eukaryotic heterotroph
whose cells lack cell walls.
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• Now, separate all the drawings into two general
  groups.
• How would you do that?

Vertebrates and Invertebrates
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Vertebrate Invertebrate
Animals with a backbone/vertebral column Ie humans Animals without a backbone/vertebral column (97) Ie. Worms
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Animal Phyla

• Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla
  within the Kingdom Animalia.
• In this unit, we are ONLY looking at 8 phyla.

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Major Animal Phyla
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Animal Species

• Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of
  animals inhabit the earth.
• About 800,000 species have been identified.

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7 Essential Life Function for Animals

1. Feeding (Heterotrophs)
2. Respiration (gas exchange)
3. Internal transport (ie circulatory system)
4. Excretion
5. Reproduction (asexual - budding, sexual)
6. Response
7. Movement (motile, sessile)

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Feeding

• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Parasites
• Filter feeders
• Detritus feeders

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Respiration (breathe)

• Gas exchange O2 and CO2
• Diffusion
• through skin (small aquatic animals)
• Inefficient
• Respiratory system
• Many different forms
• Different in different animals

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Internal Transport

• Small aquatic animals can function without one
• Used to carry oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to
  and from body cells
• Circulatory system
• made up of a heart, blood vessels and blood
• Simple or complex

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Excretion

• Removes chemical wastes from cellular metabolism
• Chemical wastes
• Ammonia harmful for the body
• Methods
• Diffusion (small aquatic animals)
• Excretory system solid wastes
• Excretory system liquid wastes

Larger animals
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Reproduction

• Direct development
• Offspring look like mini-adults
• Ex. dogs, humans
• Indirect development
• embryo hatches into larvae and go through
  metamorphosis to change
• Ex. Tadpole ? frog

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Responses

• Trigger by a stimulus (light, temp, sound, etc)
• Animals must be aware of their surroundings
• Find food
• Spot predators
• Recognize others of their own kind
• Use specialized cells
• Nerve cells
• Brain
• Sense organs gather information (eyes, ears)
• Nervous system highly complex /advance

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Movement

• Sessile animals that dont move around
• Motile animals that move around
• Use specialized cells that form tissues called
• In advanced animals, musclesmove with a solid
  support
• Exoskeletons skeletons outside of body
• Endoskeletons skeletons inside of body

MUSCLES
SKELETON
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Cell Specialization

• Multicellular organisms have different cells that
  perform specific functions to keep the organisms
  alive.
• This is also known as

Division of Labour
Unicellular organisms do not have division of
labour. They perform all life functions with only
their single cell.
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Division of Labour

• Unicellular organisms
• Restricted by size
• Less efficient
• Advantages
• More efficient
• Specific cells that
• feed, respire,eliminate waste

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Invertebrates

• Phylum Porifera Ex. Sponges

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Invertebrates

• Phylum Cnidaria Ex. Sea anemone

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Invertebrates

• Worm Phyla (3)
• 1) Platyhelminthes Flatworms
• Ex. Tapeworms
• 2) Nematoda Roundworms
• Ex. Hookworms
• 3) Annelida Segmented worms
• Ex. Earthworms

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Invertebrates

• Phylum Mollusca
• Ex. Snails, Clams, Octopus, Squid

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Invertebrate

• Phylum Echinodermata
• ex sea stars, sea urchins

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• Stop here

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4 Evolutionary Trends

• analyze the basic body plans of animals to find
  the evolutionary trends.
• Four major advances (in order)
• 1. Multi-cellular body plan
• Division of labor groups of specialized cells
  with different functions
• Cells ? tissue ? organs
• 2. Radial vs Bilateral symmetrical body plan
• 3. Cephalization (a head)
• 4. Tube-within-a-tube body plan (not in book)

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Symmetry

• Asymmetry No symmetry at all

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Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
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Radial Symmetry

• forms that can be divided into similar halves by
  more than two planes passing through it.
• Dont have a real head
• Sessile
• Might drift in random pattern

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Bilateral Symmetry

• forms that can be divided into similar halves by
  one plane
• well-suited for directional movement.
• Specialized anterior, posterior, dorsal, and
  ventral side

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Trend of Animal Symmetry
Bilateral symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Radial symmetrical
Trend
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Cephalizationhead

• the process by which sensory organs became
  localized in the anterior (head) end of animals
• Bilateral Symmetry move with anterior end facing
  forward
• Natural selection favours animal that can sense
  its environment

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Blue Spotted Sting Ray
Sense organs and nerve cells gathering at the
anterior end of the animal.
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3 Major Bilateral Body Plans
Coelom cavity

• Acoelomates
• Pseudocoelomates
• Coelomates
• Each plan consists of 3 cell layers
• Endoderm lines the gastrovascular cavity
• Mesoderm found bw endo/ectoderm
• Ectoderm covers outer surface of body

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Trend in Body Plan
Pseudocoelomates
Coelomates
Acoelomates
Trend
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Acoelomates

• These animals have no other cavity than the gut.
• They are often called the solid worms.

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Pseudocoelomates

• Animals with a body cavity which is not
  completely lined with mesoderm.
• The tube within a tube body plan.
• composed of mostly worms.

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Coelomates

• These animals have a true coelom lined with
  mesodermal peritoneum
• Most animals are coelomate

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Pseudocoelomates
Coelomates
Acoelomates
Trend