General Info

1
General Info
Jealous Senators
-Autopsy -Augustus Speech not used
-Cassius Speech -Newspaper clipping
Caesar Did It
Justified Senators
-Tomb Grafitti -Coins -Crossing the Rubicon not
used
-Plutarch Page -Burjstan Vid -Gladiator
Testimony -Various Warnings -Caesars Will not
used
2
Agent Report Filed On

• Exhibit A Ancient Newspaper Article
• Which group loved Caesar?
• What two reasons did they love him?
• Why might this upset the senators?

• Exhibit B Ancient Artifacts
• What does the coin say on it and what does it
  mean?
• 2. What is carved on the tomb? What does it mean?
• 3. Why might Brutus have felt pressured to stop
  Caesar?

• Exhibit D Autopsy report
• What does the autopsy tell us about the number
  and skill of the attackers?
• How many attackers do you think there were? Why?

• Exhibit C The Twelve Caesars by Plutarch
• What did Caesar do that insulted the senators?
• What excuse did he give?
• What does Plutarch say about the excuse?

• Exhibit F Recording of Senator Cassius
• Why does Cassius believe Caesar is no better than
  him?
• Does Cassius seem angry enough to murder Caesar?
  Why or why not?

• Exhibit E Statement by Caesars Bodyguard
• Why does Tyrannus think Caesar fired him?
• What did Tyrannus hear from the other guard?

3

• Exhibit G Various Warnings
• If you had received these same warnings what
  would you do?
• Do these warnings seem believable to you? Why or
  why not?

• Exhibit H Dr. Burzstajn Interview
• What does Dr. Burzstajn think about the note in
  Caesars hand?
• Why does Dr. Burzstajn think Caesar may have
  wanted to die this way?

(Complete this only after reviewing all the
exhibits.)
INDICTMENT THE GRAND JURY CHARGES
THAT DEFENDANT _________________________________
_ (Write who you believe
committed the crime.) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
CRIME OF _______________________ ________________
________________________________________. WE
OFFER THE FOLLOWING EVIDENCE (What stations
prove your argument? What do they show? Exhibit
_____ shows Exhibit _____ shows Exhibit
_____ shows
4
Essential Question

• What happened to Julius Caesar?

5
The start of Rome.

• Rome originally had kings, but the last one was a
  tyrant.
• Rome killed their king and started a republic.
• Romans elected Senators to run the republic.

6
The expansion of Rome
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Rome becomes an Empire

• After winning the wars in Gaul (France) the
  Senate ordered Julius Caesar to disband his army.
• Julius Caesar did not want to give up his power
  so he invaded Rome.
• He ruled for 5 years before the senators
  assassinated him.

8
Describe Caesar in 6 words

• Choose 6 words to describe Caesar for his
  memorial.

9
COLD CASE FILES
16 March, 44 BC
CRIME REPORT
On March 15, 44 B.C. Gaius Julius Caesar died of
multiple stab wounds to the chest. There were
many witnesses to the attack but few concrete
details could be worked out. We know there were
many senators involved in the attack but all fled
the scene. The exact motivation and number of
attackers is still unknown. There are three
options to consider - The senators assassinated
Caesar due to jealousy of his fame. - The
senators assassinated Caesar because they thought
he was
destroying Rome by making himself emperor. -
Caesar allowed the assassination to happen
because he wanted to die a memorable and heroic
death. This case remains unsolved.
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Senate Law

• Consider the following question as you look at
  the next slide.
• What law did Caesar break?

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6th Senate 4th Session IN THE SENATE Some random
bc date The following laws were accepted
regarding the Roman Army Be it enacted that
the following shall apply to all generals in the
Roman army into the future. I. All men shall
serve involuntary terms of no more than twenty
years. II. No general may lead his army beyond
the river Rubicon and into the lands of
Italy. i. Any general who leads his troops
beyond the river shall be considered a traitor
against the Republic. ii. Soldiers who are
led across the Rubicon are not bound to the
commands of their general, instead they are
bound to the commands of Roman law. III. Any
soldier guilty of desertion will have his entire
unit subject to decimation in addition to the
regular penalty of death.
12
(No Transcript)
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Senate Law

• Take a minute to think and then write your
  answer.
• What law did Caesar break?

14
Exhibit A Ancient Newspaper

1. Which group loved Caesar?
2. What two reasons did they love him for?
3. How would the Senators feel about this?

15
THE ROMAN RECORD THURSDAY, NOV. 17,
43 BC
CAESAR OUR HERO
FOR SALE
Licinius Gaxus
Rome Correspondant
ROME- A recent poll put Julius Caesars approval
rating among the lower class at an incredible
82. Analysis of the poll shows two main reasons
why the people love him so much. First,
unsurprisingly, is that Caesar gave many in the
lower class money after a recent war. Senator
Cassius remarked This is an obvious case of
bribery. He wants their support so he paid them
off. His arguments clearly did not matter to the
lower class.
One lightly used chariot. Never used in battle.
Only used for light training. Dont miss out on
this chance to join in on the latest
craze. Contact Jacinus Tacitus for pricing
information and for further details.
Secondly, Caesars incredible war record over the
barbarians has brought peace and safety that Rome
hasnt seen in decades. Without the attacks we
can finally work in peace said one local
merchant. Cont.on B-4
ANNUAL GAMESCALLED SUCCESS
Socratian Pompus
Sports Desk
In a surprise, the winner of this years
gladiatorial games was none other than disgraced
former general Commodus. Commodus shocked his
opponents with incredible sword skills and a
desire to win unmatched in the arena. I had
something to prove Commodus later said. I did
not want to be remember as the great general who
was but the fighter who is.
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Exhibit A Ancient Newspaper

1. Which group loved Caesar?
2. What two reasons did they love him for?
3. How would the Senators feel about this?

17
Exhibit B Ancient Artifacts

• 1. What does the coin say on it and what
  does it mean?
• 2. What is written on the tomb and what does it
  mean?
• 3. Why might Brutus have felt pressured to stop
  Caesar?

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Caesar was very popular among the poor but many
in Rome did not want a return to rule by one man.
Caesar made coins with his image and the words
dictator for life printed on them. No living
leader had ever been put on a Roman coin. Many
felt this action proved he planned to one day
rule as king. Roman legend says that 600 years
before Caesar a distant ancestor of Senator
Brutus (a close friend of Caesars) killed off
Romes last king leading to the beginning of the
republic. This legend was still on the minds of
the people as Caesar rose in power. This mans
tomb was covered with graffiti as well but not
praising Caesar. Instead, this graffiti demanded
that Brutus follow his ancestor and kill Caesar.
The Latin phrase SERVO RES PUBLICA (Save the
republic) was carved into the walls of the tomb
in multiple places as seen above. It appears many
people, not just a few jealous senators, wanted
Caesar removed from power.
19
Exhibit B Ancient Artifacts

• 1. What does the coin say on it and what
  does it mean?
• 2. What is written on the tomb and what does it
  mean?
• 3. Why might Brutus have felt pressured to stop
  Caesar?

20
Four Corners

• A The Senate killed Caesar because they were
  jealous of him.
• B The Senate killed Caesar to protect the
  Republic.
• C Caesar let himself be killed.
• D- You have your own opinion.
• BE READY TO SHARE

21
Exhibit C The Twelve Caesars by Plutarch

1. What did Caesar do to insult the Senators?
2. What excuse did he give?
3. What did Plutarch say about Caesars excuse?

22
HE MOST OPEN AND DEADLY HATRED towards Caesar was
produced by his desire for royal power. For most
Senators this was a first cause of hatred, and
for those who had long hidden their hate, a
Useful excuse for it. Once, after returning from
battle the Senators attempted to honor Caesar
with a gift. He would not even stand up to
receive it. His refusal to stand for the Senate
led to great controversy. Caesar was suffering
from a type of mental illness and when he
realized how he had offended them he stood up,
drew back his toga to show his neck and yelled
kill me now, I wont resist!   But afterwards
he made his disease an excuse for his behavior,
saying that those with his mental illness do not
usually remain steady when they stand and speak
to many people and that he would be greatly
embarrassed if that happened. However, what he
said was not true actually he was very much
wanted to rise to receive the senate but one of
his friends, as they say, or rather one of his
flatterers, Cornelius Balbus, stopped him,
saying "Remember that you are Caesar, and you
should be seen as their superior.
The Twelve Caesars by Plutarch
P. 247
23
Exhibit C The Twelve Caesars by Plutarch

1. What did Caesar do to insult the Senators?
2. What excuse did he give?
3. What did Plutarch say about Caesars excuse?

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e??a??st?µ???? ß??µµata. ?p?p????, µet? ap?
e??f?e????? t?µ?? t?? e??e ??f?se? ? ?e???s?a de?
e??e d?µ??????se? ??a t?? ?p?d??? t???, a??? sa?
?a ep???e?t? ??a ap?? ?d??te?, ap??t?se ?t? t?µ?
t?? ?p?epe ?a s???????µ??? ?a? ??? d?e???µ???.
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st??f??a? ??a ?a p?e? st? sp?t?, ?a??? ?a? t??
?at??t?s? p??t? t?ße???? t?? ap? t? ?a?µ? t??,
f??a?e d??at? se t????? st??? f????? t?? ?t? ?ta?
?t??µ?? ?a p??sf??e? t? ?a?µ? t?? se ?p???? ??e?e
?a t?? s??t?se?. ???? st? s????e?a ??a?e t??
as???e?? t?? µ?a d??a??????a ??a t? s?µpe??f???
t??, ?????ta? ?t? ?? a?s??se?? ?s?? e??a? ?? e?
t??t?? p??tt??ta? s?????? de? pa?aµ?????
sta?e???, ?ta? ? d?e????s? µ?a? µ???µ?? p?????,
a??? ??????a a?a???e?ta? ?a? pe??st?ef?µe???
pe??p??, f?????ta? se ??????? ?a? a?a?s??s?a.
Ost?s?, a?t? p?? e?pe de? ?ta? a???e?a?
??t???t??, ?ta? p??? ep???µ??ta? ?a a????eta? ??a
?a ?aµß??ete t?? ?e???s?a? ???? ??a? ap? t???
f????? t??, ?p?? ???e, ? µ????? ??a? ap? t???
???a?e? t??, ????????? Balbus, t?? s????at?µ???,
?????ta? " ?a ??µ?ste ?t? es? t???? ?a?sa?a, ?a?
?a ep?t?????? sea?t?? ?a f?e?t??e? ?? a??te??. "
25
Office of the Medical Examiner
XXII Romulus Road
Rome, Roman Republic
REPORT OF INVESTIGATION BY THE MEDICAL EXAMINER
NAME Gaius Julius Caesar SEX male AGE 55
x
sudden
CAUSE OF DEATH (mark one only)
violent
suicide
suspicious, unusual or unnatural
Investigating Agency FBI (unsolved crimes
division)
Figure 1 shows a mapping of the 23 puncture
wounds found on the body of the victim in what I
believe is the order of infliction. The random
placement of the wounds indicates many attackers
crowded around the victim. Of the 23 wounds only
wound two would have been fatal as it punctured
the victims heart. This indicates the attackers
were likely not experienced. Multiple wounds to
the back indicate multiple attackers surrounding
the victim for a simultaneous attack. It may also
indicate that some wounds were inflicted while
the victim lay on the ground. The victim would
have died quickly but not instantly. It is very
possible he could have gotten off a few last
words before death.
Figure 1
PROBABLE CAUSE OF DEATH MANNER OF DEATH
x
suicide
Blood loss from a direct puncture wound to the
heart.
natural
homicide
unknown
accident
I hereby declare that after receiving notice of
the death described above I took possession of
the body and made inquiries regarding the cause
of death in accordance with Section 28-654038.
Date ______________ Signature
___________________
26
Transcript of secret recording of Senator
Cassius 3 January, 44 B.C. Cassius first
explains his argument is about honor. Some in
Rome have claimed Caesar to be a god and Cassius
finds this insulting as he feels he is just as
good a man as Caesar. Well, honor is the
subject of my story. I cannot tell what you and
other men think of this life but, for my single
self, I had as lief not be as live to be in awe
of such a thing as I myself. I was born free as
Caesar so were you we both have fed as well,
and we can both endure the winter's cold as well
as he. Cassius will now describe an event
which he feels proves Caesars humanity by
showing he was once saved by Cassius. For once,
upon a raw and gusty day, the troubled Tiber
chafing with her shores, Caesar said to me
'darest thou, Cassius, now leap in with me into
this angry flood, and swim to yonder point?' Upon
the word, accoutered as I was, I plunged in and
bade him follow so indeed he did. The torrent
roared, and we did buffet it with lusty sinews,
throwing it aside and stemming it with hearts of
controversy but ere we could arrive the point
proposed, Caesar cried 'Help me, Cassius, or I
sink!' I, as Aeneas, our great ancestor, did from
the flames of Troy upon his shoulder the old
Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber did I
the tired Caesar. Cassius continues his
frustration, clearly angry about Caesars status
as a living god and his own, powerless, status.
He gives another example of Caesars weakness
here. And this man is now become a god, and
Cassius is a wretched creature and must bend his
body, if Caesar carelessly but nod on him. He had
a fever when he was in Spain, and when the fit
was on him, I did mark how he did shake 'tis
true, this god did shake his coward lips did
from their color fly, and that same eye whose
bend doth awe the world did lose his luster. I
did hear him groan ay, and that tongue of his
that bade the Romans mark him and write his
speeches in their books, alas, it cried 'Give me
some drink, Titinius,' as a sick girl. After a
number of insults Cassius makes his final
statement that he is shocked Caesar has been
given this power. Ye gods, it doth amaze me a
man of such a feeble temper should so get the
start of the majestic world and bear the palm
alone.
27
Exhibit D various warnings

1. If you had received these warnings what would you
   have done?
2. Do these warnings seem believable to you? Why or
   why not?

28
Caesar was warned repeatedly about a possible
attack. He in fact delayed his visit to the
Senate many times because of it. Here are two of
the warnings. Warning from Calpurnia, Caesars
Wife My Lord! I have had a terrible nightmare!
I saw myself holding your bloody body crying.
Please, I beg of you, stay home. Tell them you
are sick. Do not go to the Senate
today! Warning from Spurina,
Fortune-Teller The oracles tell of blood on this
day, the Ides of March. Caesar, you must be
careful. He ignored them and went. That very
day he was given a note giving specific details
about the attack.
Note found in Caesars Hand after the
Assassination
29
Translation 15 March Great Caesar, My lord, you
must not attend the meeting at the senate today.
I have heard of a great conspiracy among the
senators to take your very life. While I do not
know the names of those involved I know there are
many. If you go to the senate today as planned
you will surely be murdered. There are men in the
senate who are jealous of your power my lord and
will do anything to stop you from taking your
rightful place as ruler. Please, do not go to the
senate today.
30
Exhibit D various warnings

1. If you had received these warnings what would you
   have done?
2. Do these warnings seem believable to you? Why or
   why not?

31
Four Corners

• A The Senate killed Caesar because they were
  jealous of him.
• B The Senate killed Caesar to protect the
  Republic.
• C Caesar let himself be killed.
• D- You have your own opinion.
• BE READY TO SHARE

32
Exhibit E bodyguards statement

1. Why did Tyrannus think Caesar fired him?
2. What did Tyrannus hear from the other guard?

33
AO94 Statement of Defense
Court of Rome
Republic of Rome vs. Senator Cassius Case Number
12
Witness statement given by Tyrannus, one of
Caesars bodyguards
Three days before the assassination Caesar fired
me along with all of his other bodyguards. He
told us he would be traveling on his own. We
insisted that he keep us around to protect him. I
dont know what he was thinking. Maybe he was
beginning to believe that he truly was a god and
nobody could hurt him anyway or maybe he was just
simply tired of being followed all the time. This
was especially strange based on the threats that
we heard from Cassius. One of the other guards
told me he heard Caesar say that he didnt want
to live any more because of his sickness. I
dont know if this is true or not but either way
it seems very odd. For days he had delayed his
visit to the Senate due to all the warnings. And
yet, only three days before he does go he gives
up his protection?
SWORN TO before me this 18th day of March, 44 B.C.
Marcelus Cicero
Roman District Judge
34
Exhibit E bodyguards statement

1. Why did Tyrannus think Caesar fired him?
2. What did Tyrannus hear from the other guard?

35
Indictment

• Now that you have seen all the evidence write an
  indictment.
• Did the senators do the right thing by
  assassinating Caesar?

36
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTFOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
Investigator
Date filed
. INDICTMENT THE GRAND JURY CHARGES
THAT DEFENDANT _________________________________
_ (Write the name of who
you believe committed the crime.) IS RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE CRIME OF _______________________ ________
________________________________________________.
WE OFFER THE FOLLOWING EVIDENCE (What stations
prove your argument? What do they show? Exhibit
_____ shows Exhibit _____ shows Exhibit
_____ shows
37
Present your indictment

1 2 3 4
Presentation Poor posture, constant fidgeting, hiding your face, and inaudible volume. Not always standing straight, fidgeting often, no eye contact, and usually uses a loud voice. Standing up straight, with a little fidgeting, minimal eye contact, and in a loud voice. Stand up straight, no fidgeting, constant eye contact, and speaking in a clear and loud voice.
Use of evidence No evidence is used. Evidence is used, but incorrectly. Evidence is used to support your case. All of level 3 and also addresses issues with other arguments
38
Vocabulary

• Tyrant a ruler who has total power and acts
  brutally
• Republic A government ruled by a group of
  officials like the United States.
• Dictator a ruler appointed by the senate with
  total power in emergency