Industrial Revolution

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The Impact of theIndustrial Revolution
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Urbanization

• Urbanization increased dramatically
• The increase in population and enclosure of farms
  forced people to move to cities
• Poor families lived in poorly constructed
  apartments built by factory owners called
  tenements in neighborhoods called slums
• Many families shared cramped apartments that
  lacked running water or sanitation
• Hard factory jobs and disease led to short life
  expectancies for urban workers

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Urbanization
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Working Conditions and Wages
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Working Conditions and Wages

• The factory system was a major change for
  European workers
• Factory work became less skilled
• Factory conditions were dirty, dangerous, and
  unhealthy
• Workers worked long hours (12-16 hr day)
• Factory workers were not paid well Women
  children were paid less than men
• Owners required workers clock in limited
  their breaks to increase production

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Child Labor

• The Industrial Revolution changed the lives of
  many children
• Rather than working for their parents on family
  farms, many children in the cities worked in
  factories, brickyards, or mines
• Living in cities was expensive so poor families
  needed their kids to work
• Child workers earned 10 of an adult wage, worked
  long hours in dangerous conditions, were often
  beaten

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Child Labor
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Changing Role of Women
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Changing Role of Women

• The Industrial Revolution changed the lives of
  many women
• Rather than working with their husbands on
  family farms and taking care of children, poor
  women in cities worked in factories
• Some women worked as domestic servants
• Factory jobs for women required long hours away
  from their children and could leave women
  crippled, sick, or deformed
• Women were paid ½ or ? of a mans salary

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Changing Class Structure
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Changing Class Structure

• During the Industrial Revolution, the social
  class system changed as ownership of land stopped
  being the most important factor
• At the top were the industrial capitalists who
  gained wealth by owning factories
• The middle class grew because of growth of
  engineers, managers, shopkeepers
• The bottom class grew because of the size of the
  urban poor who worked for low wages in factories

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Response to Changes of the Industrial Revolution
- Laws

• Demand for reforms to fix problems caused by the
  Industrial Revolution

• In mid-1800s, Britain U.S. passed child women
  labor laws
• Limited hours type of work they could perform

• Reformers regulated
• Water, food, sewage
• Offered public education
• Regulated living working conditions

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Response to the Changes of the Industrial
Revolution - Unions

• Workers joined unions
• Demands
• Better pay
• Fewer hours
• Safer work conditions

• Went on strike when union demands were not met

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Response to the Changes of the Industrial
Revolution - Capitalism

• Economy of the Industrial Revolution based on
  capitalism

• Emerging economist was Adam Smith
• Believed in free market
• Competition
• Profits
• Supply demand

• Promoted laissez-faire principles for government
• Avoid heavy taxes
• No regulations
• No interference in business

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Response to the Changes of the Industrial
Revolution - Socialism

• Some believed capitalism was the reason for the
  growing gap between the rich and poor

• Socialists believed the government should plan
  the economy by controlling
• Factories
• Farms
• Railroads
• Mines, industries

• Socialism would create equality end poverty
• Redistribute wealth from rich capitalists to the
  poor workers

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Response to the Changes of the Industrial
Revolution - Marxism

• Karl Marx introduced a radical form of socialism
  called communism

• Marx Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist
  Manifesto
• Predicted war between the haves have nots

• Encouraged economic equality for all by
• Overthrowing business owners
• Seize control of factories
• Distribute goods evenly

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Capitalism vs. Socialism
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Historical Perspective

• Imagine you are one of the following people from
  the Industrial Revolution
• Factory worker
• Shop owner
• Factory owner
• Unemployed artisan/craftsman
• Farmer
• Banker
• Which economic system would you prefer and why?
• Which system is more prevalent today?

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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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Upstairs/Downstairs Life
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Evidence of Textile Workers in Wilson's Mill,
Nottingham
Hannah Goode "I work at Mr. Wilson's mill. I
think the youngest child is about 7. I daresay
there are 20 under 9 years. It is about half past
five by our clock at home when we go in....We
come out at seven by the mill. We never stop to
take our meals, except at dinner. William Crookes
is overlooker in our room. He is cross-tempered
sometimes. He does not beat me he beats the
little children if they do not do their work
right....I have sometimes seen the little
children drop asleep or so, but not lately. If
they are catched asleep they get the strap. They
are always very tired at night....I can read a
little I can't write. I used to go to school
before I went to the mill I have since I am
sixteen."

• Mrs. Smith "I have three children working in
  Wilson's mill one 11, one 13, and the other 14.
  They work regular hours there. We don't complain.
  If they go to drop the hours, I don't know what
  poor people will do. We have hard work to live as
  it is. ...My husband is of the same mind about
  it...last summer my husband was 6 weeks ill we
  pledged almost all our things to live the things
  are not all out of pawn yet. ...We complain of
  nothing but short wages...My children have been
  in the mill three years. I have no complaint to
  make of their being beaten...I would rather they
  were beaten than fined."

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Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
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Industrial Staffordshire
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The New Industrial City
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Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
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Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
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Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
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The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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Private Charities Soup Kitchens
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Private Charities The Lady Bountifuls
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QUESTIONS

1. What do you think happened to younger children
   when the family was away at work in mills?
2. What might be different about work done at home
   compared to work in the factory?
3. Why did some workers oppose the imposition of
   laws restricting women and children's work?