The First World War

1
The First World War
Boys and Girls! War Savings Stamps Poster by
James Montgomery Flagg 1917-18
2
The First World War

• What?

• War involving nearly all the nations of the world

• When?

• 1914-1918

3
Causes?

• Militarism
• Alliance
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Assassination

4
Militarism at its finest

• Militarism
• Strongly promoting the development of armed
  forces within a nation
• Its what all healthy males were trained to be
• Best army in Europe pre war Germany
• Best Navy England
• Had to duke it out to find out who could win

5
Alliances

• -put in to place by participating countries for
  defense
• The Triple Entente
• France, Russia, GB
• Triple Alliance
• Central Power
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman

6
Nationalism

• Extreme pride in ones country
• Our way is the right way
• Multiple countries felt this way and it led to
  rivalries

7
Imperialism

• Extension of a nations territory beyond its
  borders through the establishment of colonies
• More competition

8
Assassination

• Franz Ferdinand
• Archduke of Austria Hungary
• Shot by Gavrillo Princip
• Member of Black Hand
• Radical group in Serbia
• Now revenge would be sought

9
The Black Hand..

• The main objective of the Black Hand was the
  creation, by means of violence, of a Greater
  Serbia.
• Its stated aim was "To realize the national
  ideal, the unification of all Serbs. This
  organization prefers terrorist action to cultural
  activities it will therefore remain secret."

10
(No Transcript)
11
So how did an assassination cause a war?

• Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia for revenge
• Serbia allies with Russia
• Germany allied with Austria Hungary
• France allied to Russia
• England allied to France

12
WAR!

• Germany is aggressor
• Wants to colonize
• Schlieffen Plan
• Step 1 Hold off Russia
• Step 2 France
• Step 3 Finish Russia off

13
Why didnt plan work?

• France was stronger than Germany thought
• Germany did not count on Britain and US getting
  involved

14
(No Transcript)
15
Why did Britain get involved?

• England allied to Belgium
• Was afraid to lose power to Germany if it got too
  big
• If Germany took the mainland it would have
  natural resources

16
Why did the US get involved?

• We stayed neutral at first
• Most of Government and US not interested in war
• Divided loyalties because of ethnic background
• Why should our sons die?
• No immediate threat

17
US sides with Allies, but not militarilyyet

• most have similar ethnic backgrounds
• Media coverage of Germany attacking Civilians
• More business with allies
• picture British women loading American supplies
  rifles

18
Germany and England at war in the Sea

• England blockades Germany
• Germany uses the U-Boat to break blockade
• Both effective, but going to need more to win war

19
Germany takes revenge and dares the US

• 1915 Lusitania
• 128 Americans
• 1916 Sussex
• Americans killed
• Sussex Pledge Germany promises not to fire on
  passenger ships

20
Even with the threat of war, normal stuff has to
happen too

• 1916 Presidential election
• Wilson(D) v. Hughes( R)
• Wilson wins
• Calls for Peace without victory
• Human nature wont allow

21
How did the US finally get involved then?

• 1. Germany violates Sussex pledge
• Zimmerman note
• Russia backs out of war
• Has a revolution, and new government does not
  stay involved
• Easier to fight for Democracy

22
The Zimmerman Note
23
What is goal of war?

• War to end all wars
• War to make the World Safe for Democracy

24
Section 2

• Before US gets involved
• The war was not going well for the allies
• Ships were being sunk
• GB down to two months of food
• Allies morale low

25
The US prepares

• US military in horrible shape pre-war
• Less then 200,000 men
• Need to increase army
• Selective Service Act 1917
• All men 18-45
• 24 million registered

26
The Dough Boys In The Building

• Propaganda worked
• Army rose to 3 million
• Most no high school education or had ever left
  town
• Nicknamed Doughboy
• African Americans allowed in Army, but not Navy
  or Marines
• Segregated units
• Many stuck in non combat units

27
Women

• Noncombat roles
• Most were nurses
• Also worked in factories to make supplies for war

28
Needed to increase the amount of supplies not
just soldiers

• Modernize and increase the size or army and navy
• Needed to build more ships Dont draft
  shipbuilders
• Promote importance of factory work
• Increase efficiency
• Gov. took control of ships and converted for war
  use

29
Modernize Weaponry

• Build new Tanks
• Long Range artillery
• Machine Guns (600 shots per minute)
• Chemical warfare
• Develop Army Air Corps
• First American Ace Eddie Rickenbacker

30
Allied Leaders

• John Pershing head of whole AEF
• Allied leader Marshall Foch

31
Conditions

• Soldiers had bad conditions
• Lice
• Mud
• Polluted water
• Disease
• Shell shock

32
How did US make a difference?

• We were Fresh
• Nicknamed Doughboys
• We had good morale
• We helped develop
• Sonar
• We helped place mines
• Convoy system to protect supplies

33
The end

• Central powers finally collapse
• 1. outnumbered
• 2. soldiers refused to fight
• 3. flu

34
Peace

• Nov. 11 1918 Armistice
• 22 million dead
• US 110,000
• 20 million wounded
• US 200,000

35
Section 3

• 3 Priorities of Congress during war
• 1. Supply allies with food and equipment
• 2. Raise money to pay for war
• 3. Get American public to maintain support for
  the war

36
How do we supply allies?

• War Industries Board
• Headed by Bernard Baruch
• Purchased items for war
• Converted factories
• Could control prices
• Worked out good for businesses, but not always
  good for consumers

37

• Fuel Industry Board
• Boosted coal and Oil production
• Encouraged conservation of energy
• I.e. Daylight Savings Time

38
National War Labor Board

• Prevent Labor disputes
• Union membership doubled
• Better pay and working conditions

39
War Creates Opportunities

• Women went to factories, proved they could do
  mans job and got vote
• African Americans
• Moved N for jobs
• Great Migration
• Less discrimination
• Better standard of living
• Some race riots

40
Citizens Role

• Regular people had part to play
• Herbert Hoover encouraged volunteerism
• Victory Gardens
• Wheat-less Wednesdays sacrifice
• Government bought farmers goods for soldiers at
  great price
• Herbert Hoover Food Administration

41
Need money for war. How?

• Needed 35.5. billion
• 1. Taxes
• Not just income, but corporate and excise tax
  (gum, liquor)
• 2. Bonds
• Sold to public
• Good deals
• Used propaganda to sell

42
How to get Public Support?

• Committee on Public Information started
• Headed by George Creel
• Established propaganda to support war
• Art, literature, speakers, movies

43
What about enemies in US? Were there any?

• Worried about spies
• Passed Espionage and Sedition Acts
• Fine and jail people who violate
• Limit 1st Amendment
• Schenck v. US
• Socialist who wrote pamphlets that said the draft
  was like slavery
• During was First Amendment does not always apply
• Sentenced to Jail

44
Anti German Sentiment

• Some Germans picked on
• People did not want to be connected to anything
  German
• Change city names
• Change food names
• Ban German books and songs
• Some violence against Germans

45
The Flu?

• 1918 the Flu hit during war
• People stayed home and businesses shut down to
  avoid contagion
• Doctors did not have answers
• Soldiers affected due to close quarters
• 30 million in world, 500,000 in US
• Ended in 1919
• Only real answer was to clean up and quarantine

46
Section 4Proposal for Peace

• Wilson had a plan for Peace called The 14 Points
• No secret treaties
• Freedom of Seas
• Lower tariffs to increase trade
• Reduce militaries
• No more colonizing
• New boundaries for countries
• League of Nations
• All countries could peacefully settle
  disagreements
• Like a modern UN
• Many countries not happy because did not punish
  Germany

47
Treaty of Versailles

• Peace talks held in France
• No Central Powers present
• Big 4 there
• Clemenceau France
• George Britain
• Orlando Italy
• Wilson US

48
The Details

• 9 new countries created
• Central Powers and Russia all lost land
• Will cause future issues
• Germany
• Took blame for war
• Lost all colonies
• Not allowed to have army
• Lost all industry
• Had to pay 33 billion in reparations

49
US Reaction

• Some people thought it punished too much
• Some did not like LN
• Henry Cabot Lodge (R)
• Believed it could be looked at as another
  alliance
• Took away US power

50
(No Transcript)
51
Why did the US never join League?

• Wilson insisted on all Treaty or none
• Congress refused to authorize treaty
• Wilson tried to tour country to gain support,
  ended up having a stroke
• Told his party to vote for all or none, so treaty
  failed
• US did not sign treaty till 1921
• Made separate peace treaties with each government
• Without US, the League of Nations has no guts,
  and will fail

52
Consequence of War

• US recognized as a super power
• More integration
• Europe and Russia left in a state of destruction
• Needed to rebuild
• Most countries went to a dictator to help through
  hard times
• Will cause future issues
• Germany not forget how they were treated

53
(No Transcript)