Mrs. Vaibhavi Apte

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

• By
• Mrs. Vaibhavi Apte

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Definition of Pollution

• When Harmful Substances Contaminate the
  environment it is Called Pollution.
• It can be defined as any undesirable change in
  the physical, chemical, biological
  characteristics of any component of the
  environment which can cause harm to life and
  property.

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Types of Pollution
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Air pollution
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What is Atmosphere?

• Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.

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Air....

• Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential
  for our bodies to live.
• Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, water
  vapor, carbon dioxide and inert gases.
• Human activities can release substances into the
  air, some of which can cause problems to humans,
  plants, and animals.
• Natural Composition of Gases

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Definition

• Air pollution  An atmospheric condition in which
  certain substances (including normal constituents
  in excess) are present in concentrations which
  can cause undesirable effects on man and his
  environment.
• They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox, CO,VOC)
  Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes, etc)
  Radioactive (rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)

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Sources of Air Pollution
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Classification of Air Pollutants

• Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous.
• On the basis of origin they are divided as
• Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly
  from the point source. e.g. CO, NO2, SO2
• Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction
  of primary pollutants
• e.g. PAN, Smog, Ozone etc

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Criteria of Pollutants
Name of the gas Characteristics Source
Nitrogen dioxide (N2 in air is oxidized) Nox sum of NO, NO2, other oxides of N Brownish gas irritates the respiratory system originates from combustion Burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal
Ground level O3 (primary constituent of smog) Reaction of VOC nox in presence of heat sun light Vehicles and industries are the major source
Carbon monoxide Reduces bloods ability to carry O2 Produced by the incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes
Carbon dioxide Principle greenhouse gas. Emitted as a result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases
Sulphur dioxide Precursor to acid rain along with Nox Formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is burned and metal smelting
Chorofluoro carbon (CFC) Ozone depletion Released from air-conditioning systems and refrigeration.
Lead Cause learning disabilities in children , toxic to liver, kidney, blood forming organs Present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc
Particulate matter (PM 10 2.5)
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Indoor air pollution

• Many people spend large portion of time indoors -
  as much as 80-90 of their lives.
• We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed
  environments where air circulation may be
  restricted
• Children, women more exposed to risk
• Radon gas
• Burning of dung cakes for fuel, wood, kerosene
• Incomplete combustion produces CO
• Cigarette smoke.

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Effects of Air Pollution

• Air Pollution affects???
• Human health
• Animals
• Plants
• Materials
• Environment

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Effect on Human health

• Main problems are related to Respiratory Track -
  Asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases. 
• Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe
  cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of
  coordination.
• Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the
  nervous system, digestive problems, and in some
  cases cause Lung cancer.
• It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
• CO has affinity towards Hb which cause
  disturbance in transportation of Oxygen,
  impairing our concentration, slow our reflexes,
  and make us confused and sleepy.
• SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and
  other lung disorders such as wheezing and
  shortness of breath.
• Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart
  disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves,
  liver, or kidneys. 
• Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene
  etc.

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Effect on Plants

• Pollutants enter through stomata
• Destroy chlorophyll and Affect photosynthesis
• Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost
• Necrosis Damage to Leaf Structure
• Chlorosis - Loss/ reduction of Chlorophyll
• Abscission - Dropping of leaf
• Epinasty Downward curling of Leaf
• DEATH

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Effect on Animals and materials

• Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading
• SO2 water form H2S corrosion as well as
  disfigurement of statues made up of limestone or
  Marble
• Air pollutants mix with rain water and increase
  acidity (Acid Rain) of water body and kill fish.
• Ozone causes crackling of rubber

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Effect on Environment

• Visibility
• Pollutants in the presence of sunlight produce
  photochemical Smog
• Emission of Green House Gases tend to Global
  Warming
• CFCs cause Ozone Depletion

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Sr No Pollutant and time-weighted average Industrial area Residential area Sensitive area
1 Sulphur dioxide Annual average 24 hours 80.00 120.00 µg/m3 60.00 80.00 µg/m3 15.0030.00 µg/m3
2 Nitrogen oxides Annual average 24 hours 80.00120.00 60.0080.00 15.0030.00
3 RSPM (less than 10 µgm)Annual average 24 hours 20.00 150.00 60.00 100.00 50.00 75.00
4 SPM Annual average 24 hours 360.00500.00 140.00200.00 70.00100.00
5 LEADAnnual average 24 hours 1.00 1.50 0.75 1.00 0.500 0 .750
6 COAnnual average 24 hours 5.00 10.00 2.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
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• Annual Average Annual Arithmetic Mean of
  minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a
  week 24-hourly at uniform interval
• 24 Hours Average 24-hourly/8-hourly values
  should be met 98 of the time in a year. However
  2 of the time, it may exceeded but not two
  consecutive days.
• 1. The levels of air quality necessary with an
  adequate margin of safety, to protect the public
  health, vegetation and property.
• 2. Whenever and wherever two consecutives values
  exceeds the limit specified above for the
  respective category, it shall be considered
  adequate, reason to institute regular /
  continuous monitoring and further investigations.
• HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER, GASEOUS SAMPLERS

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Control Of Air Pollution

• Proper air pollution control devices in
  industries
• Using low sulphur coal
• Regular engine tune up, replacement of old more
  polluting vehicles
• Using mass transport system, bicycles etc
• Shifting to less polluting fuels
• Planting more trees
• No to FIRE CRACKERS in Diwali and other occasions

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Pollution Control Devices
Cyclone Separator
Bag House Filter
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NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME
(NAMP)

• Central Pollution Control Board is executing a
  nation-wide programme of ambient air quality
  monitoring known as National Air Quality
  Monitoring Programme (NAMP).
• The network consists of three hundred and forty
  two (342) operating stations covering one hundred
  and twenty seven (127) cities/towns in twenty six
  (26) states and four (4) Union Territories of the
  country.
• Under N.A.M.P., four air pollutants viz .,
  Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2,
  Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable
  Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have
  been identified for regular monitoring at all the
  locations.
• The monitoring of meteorological parameters such
  as wind speed and wind direction, relative
  humidity (RH) and temperature were also
  integrated with the monitoring of air quality.

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Water Pollution
The Contamination of water with undesirable
substances which make it unfit for usage is
termed water Pollution.
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Pollution Sources

• Point sources are direct discharges to a single
  point
• examples include discharges from sewage treatment
  plants, injection wells and some industrial
  sources.
• Non-point sources are diffused across a broad
  area and their contamination cannot be traced to
  a single discharge point.
• Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers,
  herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural
  lands and residential areas oil, grease, and
  toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy
  production and sediment from improperly managed
  construction sites, crop and forest lands, and
  eroding stream banks.

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Surface Water Pollution

• Sewage
• Industrial effluents
• Synthetic detergents
• Agrochemicals
• Oil
• Waste heat

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Domestic Sewage

• Refers to waste water that is discarded from
  households. Also referred to as sanitary sewage,
  such water contains a wide variety of dissolved
  and suspended impurities.
• It is large by volume and contains impurities
  such as organic materials and plant nutrients
  that tend to rot.
• The main organic materials are food and vegetable
  waste, plant nutrient come from chemical soaps,
  washing powders, etc.
• Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain
  disease-causing microbes.

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Industrial Effluents

• Waste water from manufacturing or chemical
  processes in industries
• Industrial waste water usually contains specific
  and readily identifiable chemical compounds.
• Mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic
  pollutants.
• Chromium, mercury, lead, copper, cadmium etc

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Synthetic Detergents And Oils

• Added because of washing clothes, cleaning
  utensils.
• In industries for washing
• Add surfactants and soaps to water
• Toxic to fish, aquatic life.
• Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from
  oil spills, routine shipping, run-offs and
  dumping.
• Oil spills make up about 12 of the oil that
  enters the ocean. The rest come from
  shipping travel, drains and dumping.

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Agricultural Run Off

• Routine applications of fertilizers and
  pesticides for agriculture and uncontrolled run
  off in water bodies.
• Adds Nitrogen and Phosphorus to water
• Causes Eutrophication and algal blooms.
• Nitrate concentration is above the permissible
  level of 45 ppm in 11 states, covering 95
  districts and 2 blocks of Delhi.

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Ground Water Pollution

• Is less comparatively as soil acts as a filter
  Still...
• Septic tanks
• Mining
• Deep well injection
• Presence of heavy metals in groundwater is found
  in 40 districts from 13 states, viz., Andhra
  Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
  Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab,
  Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West
  Bengal, and five blocks of Delhi.
• Arsenic , Nitrate, Fluoride

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Fluoride Poisoning

• The incidence of fluoride above permissible
  levels of 1.5ppm occur in 14 Indian states,
  namely
• Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,
  Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
• Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
  Pradesh and West Bengal affecting a total of
  69districts, according to some estimates.
• Some other estimates find that 65 per cent of
  Indias villages are exposed to fluoride risk.

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Fluoride Poisoning

• A recent survey by the International Water
  Management Institute (IWMI) in north Gujarat
  showed 42 per cent of the people covered in the
  sample survey (28,425) were affected while 25.7
  per cent were affected by dental fluorosis, 6.2
  per cent were affected by muscular skeletal
  fluorosis and 10 per cent by both.
• Fluoride had been reported to cause depressions
  in DNA and RNA synthesis in cultured cells.
• Another study on the effects of fluorides in mice
  showed significant reductions in DNA and RNA
  levels.
• Conditions including ageing, cancer, and
  arteriosclerosis are associated with DNA damage
  and its disrepair.

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Arsenic Poisoning

• High levels of arsenic above the permissible
  levels of 50 parts per billion (ppb) are found in
  the alluvial plains of Ganges covering six
  districts of West Bengal.
• Arsenic contamination of drinking water causes a
  disease called arsenicosis, for which there is no
  effective treatment.
• Arsenic contamination is by far the biggest mass
  poisoning case in the world putting 20 million
  people from West Bengal and Bangladesh at risk
  though some other estimates put the figure at 36
  million people.

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Effects

• Depletion of dissolved oxygen
• Eutrophication
• Pathogen.spreading diseases
• Bio-magnification
• Genetic deformities
• Blue baby Syndrome
• Minamata disease
• Itai-Itai

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DEPLETION OF OXYGEN

• Low DO and High
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Biodegradable and organic waste leads to Oxygen
  depletion
• DO levels less than 4 mg / l disastrous.
• Polluted waters have 0 DO

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Pathogen Spread

• Stagnant water and other untreated water provide
  a habitat for the mosquito and a host of other
  parasites and insects that cause a large number
  of diseases especially in the tropical regions.
• Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the most
  widely distributed and causes most damage to
  human health.

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Biomagnification
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• Pesticides. The organophosphates and the
  carbonates present in pesticides affect and
  damage the nervous system and can cause cancer.
• Some of the pesticides contain carcinogens that
  exceed recommended levels. They contain chlorides
  that cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.
• Lead. Lead is hazardous to health as it
  accumulates in the body and affects the central
  nervous system. Children and pregnant women are
  most at risk.
• Petrochemicals. Benzene and other petrochemicals
  can cause cancer even at low exposure levels.
• Chlorinated solvents. These are linked to
  reproduction disorders and to some cancers.
• Other heavy metals. Heavy metals cause damage to
  the nervous system and the kidney, and other
  metabolic disruptions.

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Case Study of Vultures

• Veterinary use of the drug diclofenacused in the
  treatment of livestockhas been linked to the
  collapse of vulture populations throughout South
  Asia.
• Vultures are keystone species that perform a
  vital ecosystem service by disposing of carrion
  and their decline has had dramatic ecological and
  socio-economic consequences.
• Vultures feeding on the carcasses of animals
  recently treated with the drug suffer renal
  failure and die.

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Blue Baby Syndrome

• Blue Baby Syndrome or Methemoglobinemia is caused
  by decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen,
  resulting in oxygen deficiency in different body
  parts.
• Infants are more susceptible than adults.
• The disease can be caused by intake of water and
  vegetables high in nitrate, exposure to chemicals
  containing nitrate, or can even be hereditary.
• As different parts of the body get deprived of
  oxygen, clinical symptoms of oxygen starvation
  start to appear, the main being cyanosis (derived
  from cyano, meaning dark blue from Greek,
  kyanos).
• The lips or even the skin start to take on a blue
  colouration, hence the common name, the blue baby
  syndrome/ disease.

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Minamata Disease

• First detected in 1956
• In Minamata, Japan, mercury was used in the
  industrial production of acetaldehyde.
• Discharged into the nearby bay and was ingested
  by organisms.
• Fish and other creatures in the sea were soon
  contaminated and eventually residents of this
  area who consumed the fish suffered from MeHg
  (methyl mercury) intoxication

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ITAI-ITAI

• Itai-itai disease ("ouch ouch sickness"),
• Was the documented case of mass cadmium
  poisoning in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, starting
  around 1912.
• The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the
  bones and kidney failure. The disease is named
  for the severe pains (Japanese itai) caused in
  the joints and spine.
• The cadmium was released into rivers by mining
  companies. This Cadmium contaminated water was
  used to irrigate rice fields.

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Control of Water Pollution

• Treatment of water before leaving in water
  bodies.
• Restoration of polluted water bodies.
• Ganga Action Plan
• River Water Monitoring

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Marine Pollution

• Marine Pollution is caused due to Sewage Sludge,
  Indutrial Effluents, Detergents, solid waste,
  plastic, etc.
• Sources
• River- Bring pollutants from drainage basins
• Catchment Area- Human Settlements
• Oil Drilling Shipment
• Effects
• Fishes show mortality
• Oil disrupts the insulating capacity of feathers
• Due to loss of Buoyancy and subsequent drowning
  of Birds cause Deaths

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Control measures

• Effluents should not be discharged
• Treatment before discharge
• Strict law enforcement- regarding drilling in
  Ecosensitive zones, dumping of toxic Hazardous
  wastes
• Minimum developmental activities on shore
• CRZs Coastal regulation Zones

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Global Environmental Monitoring Stations/
Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resource

• CPCB in collaboration with concerned SPCBs/PCCs
  established a nationwide network of water quality
  monitoring comprising 2500 stations in 28 States
  and 6 Union Territories.
• The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly
  basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis
  in case of ground water.
• The monitoring network covers 445 Rivers, 154
  Lakes, 12 Tanks, 78 Ponds, 41 Creeks/Seawater, 25
  Canals, 45 Drains, 10 Water Treatment Plant (Raw
  Water) and 807 Wells.
• Among the 2500 stations, 1275 are on rivers, 190
  on lakes, 45 on drains, 41 on canals, 12 on
  tanks, 41 on  creeks/seawater, 79 on ponds, 10
  Water Treatment Plant (Raw Water) and 807 are
  groundwater stations
• Water samples are being analysed for 28
  parameters consisting of 9 core parameters, 19
  other physico-chemical and bacteriological
  parameters apart from the field observations.
  Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides
  are also analysed in selected samples.
• Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific
  locations.

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Thermal Pollution

• Definition Presence of waste heat in the water
  which can cause undesirable changes in natural
  environment.
• Causes
• Heat producing Industries
• Power plants utilize only 1/3rd energy produced
  by fossil fuel rest is wasted as heat
• Cold water is taken from water body for cooling
  .used and left in the water body.back with
  increase of 10-15 Deg.

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Effects?

• Oxygen penetration decreases, dissolved oxygen
  also reduces as the solubility is decreased
• Heat kills fishes and other aquatic life.
• Toxicity of pesticides chemicals increase with
  increase in temperature
• Metabolic Activities increase at high temp.
  requiring more oxygen.
• Spawning is disturbed
• Fish migration is affected
• Composition of flora fauna changes-
• Temp. tolerant spp. Start developing

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Control of Thermal pollution

• Cooling ponds, cooling towers and spray ponds

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Noise pollution

• Unwanted and unbearable sound is Noise
• Sound travels in form of pressure waves through
  air, liquid or soild
• Measured on DECIBEL SCALE.
• Maximum during Diwali,
• Ganpati and other festivals
• Higher in Industrial area.
• 80 to 120 dB
• Crackers 125 dB
• Construction 100 dB

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Sources and effects

• Transportation
• Heavy Machinery
• Construction activities
• Celebrations and household appliances
• Physiological and psychological
• changes
• Interferes communication
• Hearing damage
• Sleep disturbance

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Noise standards

• Night 10 p.m. to morning 6 a.m.- loud noise
  banned.
• Declaration of Zones

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Control

• Reduction at the source
• Proper maintenance of machineries
• Machineries should be covered
• Use of sound absorbing silencers
• Through law
• Planting more trees of broad leaves

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Nuclear Or Radioactive Hazard

• Natural radioactive decay
• Give out fast moving particles, high energy
  radiations.
• Alpha and beta particles
• Nuclear accidents, test laboratories radioactive
  fallout
• Fukushima in Japan
• Pripyat in Ukraine

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Effects and control

• Genetic damage DNA alterations, gene damage,
  chromosome damage
• Somatic damage Burns, miscarriages, eye
  cataract, cancers of skin, bones, breast.
• Proper siting.
• Proper disposal.

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Soil pollution

• Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains
  organic matter, fertile
• Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
• Garbage
• Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans,
  papers, cloth rags, containers
• Discharge of Industrial wastes.
• Fly ash from Thermal power plants
• Fertilizers and pesticides DDT, endrin, Lindane.
• Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes

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Effects and control

• Reduce soil productivity
• Affects soil flora and fauna
• Sludge contains worms, bacteria and pathogens.
• Radioactive wastes enter food chain
• Strontium 90 mimics calcium.
• Treatment before discharge
• Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc.
• Recover from soil.

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SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

• Higher standards of livinggenerate more waste
• Quantities are enormous
• Management is very important
• Sources of solid waste include Waste from homes,
  hospitals, industries, parks, gardens, shops,
  construction and demolition waste
• In each and every action of
• humans, Solid waste is generated

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Two types of Waste

• NON-BIODEGRADABLE
• Polythene bags
• Glass bottles
• Scrap metal
• Tins, cans etc etc
• Electronic waste

• BIODEGRADABLE
• Vegetable waste
• Food waste
• Tea leaves
• Egg shells
• Dry leaves

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EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

• Waste heap up on roads
• Litter surroundings
• Foul smells
• Vector breeding
• BURNING produces toxic gases

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Management

• Following methods in use
• Composting
• Sanitary landfill
• Incineration
• Segregation of waste
• Current trends of 3- Rs
• Reduce Reuse Recycle

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Incineration
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Composting
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Major pollution episodes

• Love canal tragedy
• Bhopal gas tragedy
• Chernobyl disaster
• Exxon Valdez leak episode
• ..many more

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Certain initiatives

• Laws have been made and are followed
• Pollution level Standards established and
  compulsory to maintain.
• Pollution control boards State and Central
• (SPCBs- like MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution
  Control Board) and CPCB)
• NGOs
• Research and development of better technologies
• Awareness in schools and colleges, offices.
• Awards

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Role of an Individual in Pollution prevention

• Think globally act locally
• Use eco-friendly products
• Use rechargeable batteries
• No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints,
  solvents
• Use less or only required quantity of resource
• PLANT MORE TREES(local species)
• Best from Waste
• 3 RS- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

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Thank you