WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AND SHAPE BEHAVIOUR?

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WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AND SHAPE
BEHAVIOUR?

• SOCIALIZATION

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What is Socialization?

• Defn the life-long process through which
  humans learn the skills and attitudes they need
  to function in society.
• Humans learn the expectations of society through
  socialization.
• Socialization is different based on race, gender
  and class.

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Consequences of Socialization
Socialization

1. Establishes self-concepts. (lack of
   individuality)
2. Creates the capacity for role taking. (i.e good
   vs. bad)
3. Creates the tendency for people to act in
   socially acceptable ways. (may create outcasts)
4. Makes people bearers of culture.

What is the goal of socialization? to turn us
into conforming members of society.
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Agents of Socialization

• Institutions pass on expectations about
  appropriate social behavior
• Family
• School
• Peers
• Media
• Religion
• Sports

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The Family

• Families introduce children to the expectations
  of society.
• How parents define and treat a child is crucial
  to the development of the childs sense of self.
• Some families emphasize educational achievement
  some may be more permissive, whereas others
  emphasize strict obedience and discipline.

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School

• School is the first agent to make us deal with
  formal rules
• It is also the first place where we are looked
  after by officials who are not our family members
• Teaches us two things
• Manifest function teach us the academic skills
  we need to prosper in society
• Latent function (Hidden Curriculum) to
  socialize us to understand and co-operate with
  strangers, gender roles, being on time, being
  neat, etc.

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Peers

• For children, peer culture is an important source
  of identity.
• Through interaction with peers, children learn
  concepts of self, gain social skills, and form
  values and attitudes.
• Girls peer groups tend to be closely knit and
  egalitarian.
• Boys peer groups tend to be more hierarchical,
  with evident status distinctions between members.

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The Media

• The average young person (age 819) spends 6.75
  hours per day immersed in media in various forms,
  often using multiple media forms simultaneously.
• Television is the dominant medium, although half
  of all youth use a computer daily.
• Analysts estimate that by age 18, the average
  child will have witnessed at least 18,000
  simulated murders on television.

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Polling Question

• Which media source do you think has the strongest
  impact on attitudes and behaviors of your
  generation?
• Advertising
• Television
• Music and music videos
• The Internet
• Magazines

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Religion

• Children tend to develop the same religious
  beliefs as their parents.
• Very often those who disavow religion return to
  their original faith at some point in their life,
  especially if they have strong ties to their
  family of origin and after they form families of
  their own.
• Religious socialization also influences beliefs
  about sexuality, including the likelihood of
  tolerance for gay and lesbian sexuality.

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Sports

• Through sports, men and women learn concepts of
  self.
• Men learn that being competitive in sports is
  considered a part of manhood.
• Current research finds that women in sports
  develop a strong sense of bodily competence,
  which is typically denied to them by the
  prevailing cultural images of womens bodies.

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Student-Athletes The Impact of Title IX
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Polling Question

• Which agent of socialization do you think is the
  most responsible for gender differences in how
  males and females are socialized?
• The family
• Religion
• The peer group
• Education
• Mass media

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Moments in America for Children

• Every 9 seconds a high school student drops out.
• Every 20 seconds a child is arrested.
• Every 37 seconds a child is born to a mother who
  is not a high school graduate.
• Every 43 seconds a child is born into poverty.
• Every minute a child is born to a teen mother.
• Every 2 minutes a child is born at low birth
  weight.

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Moments in America for Children

• Every 4 minutes a child is born to a mother who
  received late or no prenatal care.
• Every 4 minutes a child is arrested for drug
  abuse.
• Every 8 minutes a child is arrested for a violent
• crime.
• Every 19 minutes a baby dies.

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Moments in America for Children

• Every 3 hours a child or youth under 20 is killed
  by a firearm.
• Every 3 hours a child or youth under 20 is a
  homicide victim.
• Every 5 hours a child or youth under 20 commits
  suicide.
• Every day a young person under 25 dies from HIV
  infection.

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Socialization and Self-Esteem

• How much value one sees in oneself is greatly
  affected by socialization how you are seen by
  society.
• A national study of 9th and 12th graders examined
  the eating behaviors
• 57 of the girls and 31 of the boys reported
  eating disorders.
• Fear about ones appearance to others was is
  associated with this risky behavior.

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Socialization Across the Life Cycle

• Childhood - establish identity and values.
• Adolescence - form a consistent identity.
• Adulthood and Old Age - learn new roles and
  expectations in adult life.

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Resocialization

• Existing social roles are altered or replaced.
• Takes place in organizations that maintain strict
  social control.
• Examples military, prison, cults, fraternities
  and sororities

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PART TWO SOCIALIZATION

• Theories of Socialization

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Theories of Socialization

• Psychoanalytic
• Object Relations
• Social Learning Theory
• Functionalist
• Conflict
• Jean Piaget
• George Herbert Mead

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Psychoanalytic Theory of Socialization
Individual Learning process Unconscious mind shapes behavior
Formation of self Emerges from tension between id and superego
Influence of society Societal expectations are represented by the superego
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Object Relations Theory of Socialization
Individual Learning process Infants identify with same-sex parent
Formation of self Emerges through separating oneself from primary caretaker
Influence of society Division of labor in the family shapes identity
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Social Learning Theory of Socialization
Individual Learning process People respond to social stimuli in their environment
Formation of self Created through interaction of mental and social worlds
Influence of society Young children learn principles that shape the external world
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Functionalist Theory of Socialization
Individual Learning process People internalize role expectations in society
Formation of self Internalizing the values of society reinforces social consensus
Influence of society Society relies on conformity to maintain social equilibrium
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Conflict Theory of Socialization
Individual Learning process Aspirations that are part of identity are shaped by available opportunities
Formation of self Group consciousness is formed in the context of a system of inequality
Influence of society Social control agents exert pressure to conform
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Symbolic Interaction Theory of Socialization
Individual Learning process Children learn by taking the role of significant others
Formation of self Emerges as the creative self interacts with social expectations of others
Influence of society Expectations of others form the context for learning social roles
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Piaget Social Learning Theory
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Piagets Theory
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Charles Horton Cooley

• Looking Glass Self
• How we think we appear to others.
• How we think others judge us.
• How these make us feel - proud, embarrassed or
  something else.

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Mead Taking the Role of the Other

1. Imitation stage - children imitate behavior of
   those around them.
2. Play stage - children take on the role of
   significant others.
3. Game stage - children internalize an abstract
   understanding of how society sees them.

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Quick Quiz
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• 1. According to Piaget, at what stage do children
  begin to use language and other symbols?
• a. play stage
• b. sensorimotor stage
• c. concrete operational stage
• d. preoperational stage

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Answer d

• According to Piaget, children begin to use
  language and other symbols at the preoperational
  stage.

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• 2. According to Mead, at what stage do children
  become capable of taking on a variety of roles at
  the same time?
• a. the preoperational stage
• b. the imitation stage
• c. the play stage
• d. the game stage

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Answer d

• According to Mead, children become capable of
  taking on a variety of roles at the same time at
  the game stage.

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• 3. Psychoanalytic theory originates in the work
  of
• a. George Herbert Mead
• b. Sigmund Freud
• c. Charles Horton Cooley
• d. Jean Piaget

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Answer b

• Psychoanalytic theory originates in the work of
  Sigmund Freud.

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• 4. The process of resocialization involves
• a. learning the values and beliefs of a new
  school
• b. relearning existing social roles
• c. changing or replacing existing social roles
• d. adjusting to new significant others

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Answer c

• The process of resocialization involves changing
  or replacing existing socialroles.

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• 5. Society has no influence on one's identity.
• a. True
• b. False

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Answer False

• Society does influence one'sidentity.

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• 6. Socialization is a subtle form of social
  control.
• a. True
• b. False

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Answer True

• Socialization is a subtle form of social control.