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Threads, SMP, and Microkernels

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Title: Threads, SMP, and Microkernels


1
Threads, SMP, and Microkernels
  • Chapter 4

2
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3
Multithreading
  • Operating system supports multiple threads of
    execution within a single process
  • MS-DOS supports a single thread
  • UNIX supports multiple user processes but only
    supports one thread per process
  • Windows, Solaris, Linux, Mach, and OS/2 support
    multiple threads

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Process
  • Resource ownership - process includes a virtual
    address space to hold the process image and
    access to I/O
  • Scheduling/execution- follows an execution path
    that may be interleaved with other processes
  • These two characteristics are treated
    independently by the operating system

6
Process
  • Dispatching is referred to as a thread or
    lightweight process
  • Resource of ownership is referred to as a process
    or task

7
Thread
  • An execution state (running, ready, etc.)
  • Saved thread context when not running
  • Has an execution stack
  • Some per-thread static storage for local
    variables
  • Access to the memory and resources of its process
  • all threads of a process share this

8
User-Level Threads
9
User-Level Threads
  • All thread management is done by the application
  • The kernel is not aware of the existence of
    threads
  • I/O requests causes the whole process to be
    blocked.

10
Kernel-Level Threads
11
Kernel-Level Threads
  • Windows is an example of this approach
  • Kernel maintains context information for the
    process and the threads
  • Scheduling is done on a thread basis
  • I/O requests only cause the affect thread to be
    blocked.

12
VAX Running UNIX-Like Operating System
13
Combined Approaches
14
Combined Approaches
  • Example is Solaris
  • Thread creation done in the user space and kernel
    space
  • Bulk of scheduling and synchronization of threads
    within application in both kernel and user space
  • Communication between threads can be done in
    kernel or user space.

15
Benefits of Threads
  • Takes less time to create a new thread than a
    process
  • Less time to terminate a thread than a process
  • Less time to switch between two threads within
    the same process
  • Since threads within the same process share
    memory and files, they can communicate with each
    other without invoking the kernel

16
Uses of Threads in a Single-User Multiprocessing
System
  • Foreground to background work Managing
    different processes with different levels of
    priority.
  • Asynchronous processing Threads that can
    execute without care of what the other threads
    are doing.
  • Speed of execution Faster to swap out threads
    than processes.

17
Threads - Review
  • Suspending a process involves suspending all
    threads of the process since all threads share
    the same address space
  • Termination of a process, terminates all threads
    within the process

18
Thread States
  • States associated with a change in thread state
  • Spawn
  • Spawn another thread
  • Block/Unblock
  • Ready/Running
  • Finish
  • Deallocate register context and stacks

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20
Processor Architectures
21
Categories of Computer Systems
  • Single Instruction Single Data (SISD) stream
  • Single processor executes a single instruction
    stream to operate on data stored in a single
    memory
  • Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) stream
  • Each instruction is executed on a different set
    of data by the different processors

22
Categories of Computer Systems
  • Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) stream
  • A sequence of data is transmitted to a set of
    processors, each of which executes a different
    instruction sequence. Never implemented
  • Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD)
  • A set of processors simultaneously execute
    different instruction sequences on different data
    sets

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24
Symmetric Multiprocessing(MIMD)
  • Kernel can execute on any processor
  • Typically each processor does self-scheduling
    form the pool of available process or threads

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26
Symmetric Multiprocessing(MIMD)
  • What new issues might we have to deal with?
  • Having to worry about proper sharing of Memory
  • Two processes executing the same code either on
    purpose or by accident
  • The Kernel can be running on multiple processors
    at the same time.

27
Multiprocessor Operating System Design
Considerations
  • Simultaneous concurrent processes or threads
  • Scheduling
  • Synchronization
  • Memory management
  • Reliability and fault tolerance

28
Microkernels
29
Microkernels
  • Small operating system core
  • Contains only essential core operating systems
    functions
  • Many services traditionally included in the
    operating system are now external subsystems
  • Device drivers
  • File systems
  • Virtual memory manager
  • Windowing system
  • Security services

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Benefits of a Microkernel Organization
  • Uniform interface on request made by a process
  • Dont distinguish between kernel-level and
    user-level services (Where are all the services?)
  • All services are provided by means of message
    passing
  • Extensibility
  • Allows the addition of new services
  • Flexibility
  • New features added
  • Existing features can be subtracted

32
Benefits of a Microkernel Organization
  • Portability
  • Changes needed to port the system to a new
    processor is changed in the microkernel - not in
    the other services
  • Reliability
  • Modular design
  • Small microkernel can be rigorously tested

33
Benefits of Microkernel Organization
  • Distributed system support
  • Message are sent without knowing what the target
    machine is
  • Object-oriented operating system
  • Components are objects with clearly defined
    interfaces that can be interconnected to form
    software

34
Microkernel Design
  • Low-level memory management
  • Mapping each virtual page to a physical page
    frame (Kernel)
  • Memory protection and allocation (User-Level)

35
Microkernel
  • Supporting External Paging and Virtual Memory
    Management
  • Grant A User-Level process can grant/assign
    memory to another process.
  • Map Placing one or more pages of memory in
    overlapping space.
  • Flush The granter process can reclaim any
    memory.

36
Microkernel Design
  • Interprocess communication
  • Uses messages that contains a header and a body.
  • I/O and interrupt management
  • Interrupts recognized by the kernel, but handed
    off to a user-level process.

37
Closer Look at Windows and Solaris
38
Windows Processes
  • Implemented as objects
  • An executable process may contain one or more
    threads
  • Both processes and thread objects have built-in
    synchronization capabilities
  • Threads and Processes run in kernel mode

39
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40
Solaris
  • User-level and Kernel-level Threads
  • Process includes the users address space, stack,
    and process control block
  • Accessible by the Kernel Threads
  • Lightweight processes (LWP)
  • Shadow of the Process that allows the User-Level
    threads to function without making direct calls
    to the Kernel threads.

41
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42
Windows 2000Thread States
43
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44
End
45
Remote Procedure Call Using Single Thread
46
Remote Procedure Call Using Threads
47
Multithreading
48
Adobe PageMaker
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52
Closer Look at Solaris
53
Solaris Lightweight Data Structure
  • Identifier
  • Priority
  • Signal mask
  • Saved values of user-level registers
  • Kernel stack
  • Resource usage and profiling data
  • Pointer to the corresponding kernel thread
  • Pointer to the process structure

54
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55
Linux Task Data Structure
  • State
  • Scheduling information
  • Identifiers
  • Interprocess communication
  • Links
  • Times and timers
  • File system
  • Address space
  • Processor-specific context

56
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57
Linux States of a Process
  • Running
  • Interruptable
  • Uninterruptable
  • Stopped
  • Zombie
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